TABLE III. Summary of studies on Trypanosoma cruzi in ancient human remains.
| Origin |
(archaeological site) | Period | Methods | Results |
(positive/total analysed) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarapaca Gully (Chile) | 2400-1600 BP | Paleopathology | 11/22 | Rothhammer et al. (1984) | ||
| 470 BC-600 AD | Paleopathology | 12/22 | Rothhammer et al. (1985) | |||
| Inca mummy (Peru) | XV-XVI century AD | Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy | 1/1 | Fornaciari et al. (1992) | ||
| Atacama mummies (Chile) | 2000 BC-200 BP | DNA | 9/27 | Guhl et al. (1997, 1999) | ||
| 4000 BP | DNA | 11/31 | Guhl et al. (2000) | |||
| 2000 BP-1400 AD | DNA | 4/6 | Ferreira et al. (2000) | |||
| Andean mummies | ~4000 BP | DNA | 25/27 fragments | Madden et al. (2001) | ||
| Chihuahuan Desert (Texas, USA) | 1150 BP | Paleopathology | 1/1 | Reinhard et al. (2003) | ||
| DNA | 1/1 | Dittmar et al. (2003) | ||||
| Northern Chile, southern Peru | ~9000 BP-450 BP | DNA | 115/283 | Aufderheide et al. (2004) | ||
| Pre-Columbian mummies (Bolivia) | 3600-900 BP | DNA | 11/29 | Orellana (2008) | ||
| Peruaçu Valley (Minas Gerais, Brazil) | 7000-4500 BP | DNA | 1/1 | Lima et al. (2008) | ||
| 560 ± 40 BP | DNA | 7/7 | Fernandes et al. (2008) |
AD: Anno Domini; BC: before Christ; BP: before present.