Table 2.
Antiviral agents targeting viral entry
| Stages of HCV entry process | Target | Antiviral agents | Ref. |
| HCV particle/attachment | HCV E1 and E2 | Neutralizing antibodies | [102,103] |
| Heparin | [41,55] | ||
| Lectins | [106,107] | ||
| EGCG | [109,110] | ||
| Oleanane-type triterpenes | [111] | ||
| Virion-associated lipoprotein | Anti-apoE mAb | [108] | |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | SRBI | Anti-SR-BI mAb | [113] |
| ITX 5061 | [117] | ||
| CD81 | Anti-CD81 mAb | [114] | |
| CLDN1 | Anti-CLDN1mAb | [115] | |
| CLDN1-derived peptide | [116] | ||
| EGFR | Erlotinib | [50] | |
| NPC1L1 | Ezetimibe | [52] | |
| TfR1 | Anti-TfR1 mAb | [51] | |
| Internalization | Amphipathic DNA polymers | [118] | |
| Arbidol | [122] | ||
| Tamoxifen | [123] | ||
| Endosomal fusion | Fusion | E2-derived peptide | [121] |
| CD81-derived peptide | [124] | ||
| Curcumin | [125] | ||
| Phenothiazines | [126] | ||
| Ferroquine | [127] | ||
| aUY11 | [128] | ||
| HCV II-1/GS-563253 | [129] | ||
| Regulation | Ras | Tipifarnib | [78] |
| PKA | H89 | [96] | |
| MKNK1 | RO4475417 | [93] | |
| PI3K | Wortmanin | [99] |
Targets within the different stages of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry process are depicted, followed by examples of compounds targeting the respective entry step. Stages of development and references are indicated. GAGs: Glycosaminoglycans; CLDN1: Claudin-1; OCLN: Occludin; LDLR: Low-density lipoprotein receptor; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor.