Table 2.
Neuropsychological Performance of Children With ADHD With and Without Heavy Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy
| Exposed to Prenatal Smoking M (SD) |
Not Exposed to Prenatal Smoking M (SD) |
F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Connors CPT a | ||||
| Errors of omission (%) | 7.9 (8.07) | 6.60 (6.23) | 4.94 | .028 |
| Errors of commission (%) | 54.39 (20.63) | 57.85 (20.55) | 0.29 | .59 |
| Reaction time (ms) | 509.42 (135.46) | 431.81 (103.26) | 7.45 | .007 |
| RT variability (SE) | 18.93 (10.31) | 17.35 (12.51) | 10.22 | .002 |
| Stroop b | ||||
| Golden Interference Score | 185.52 (86.35) | 186.43 (78.33) | 0.58 | .94 |
| VMI c | ||||
| Beery standard score | 84.75 (10.07) | 92.40 (15.47) | 1.63 | .26 |
| Purdue d | ||||
| Dominant raw score | 13.04 (2.07) | 13.33 (1.85) | 0.61 | .43 |
| Nondominant raw score | 12.37 (2.52) | 12.25 (1.92) | 1.31 | .25 |
| Bimanual raw score | 9.37 (1.59) | 10.38 (1.68) | 4.99 | .03 |
Heavy maternal smoking =3 10 cigarettes in 24 hours at any point in the pregnancy.
CPT = Continuous Performance Test; RT = reaction time; SE = standard error; VMI = Beery Visual Motor Integration Test.
Child age was the significant covariate errors of omission (F = 13.58, p < .001); reaction time (F = 14.7, p < .001) and reaction time variability (F = 3.87, p = .006).
Child age was the significant covariate (F = 27.94, p < .001).
Child age was the significant covariate (F = 22.27, p < .001).
Child age was the significant covariate for dominant raw score (F = 7.83, p = .008) and nondominant raw score (F = 13.20, p = .001), Child IQ was the significant covariate for nondominant raw score (F = 4.80, p = .034).