. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 3.

Published in final edited form as: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2013 Apr;16(2):525–534. doi: 10.1017/thg.2013.11

TABLE 5.

Estimates of the Proportion of Covariation in Risk for Disordered Gambling and Alcohol Use Disorder Attributed to Genetic and Environmental Factors

Alcohol use disorder phenotype	Proportion of covariation between disordered gambling and alcohol use disorder
Alcohol use disorder phenotype	Additive genetic	Unique environment
Full sample
DSM-IV alcohol dependence^a	0.59 (0.32, 0.87)	0.41 (0.13, 0.69)
DSM-5 alcohol use disorder^a	0.44 (0.18, 0.69)	0.56 (0.31, 0.82)
DSM-IV AUD symptom count^b	0.68 (0.58, 0.78)	0.32 (0.22, 0.42)
Men
DSM-IV alcohol dependence^a	0.58 (0.23, 0.92)	0.43 (0.08, 0.77)
DSM-5 alcohol use disorder^a	0.40 (0.08, 0.71)	0.60 (0.29, 0.92)
DSM-IV AUD symptom count^b	0.69 (0.56, 0.82)	0.31 (0.18, 0.44)
Women
DSM-IV alcohol dependence^a	0.64 (0.16, 1.0)	0.36 (−0.12, 0.84)
DSM-5 alcohol use disorder^a	0.52 (0.07, 0.98)	0.48 (0.02, 0.93)
DSM-IV AUD symptom count^b	0.66 (0.50, 0.82)	0.34 (0.18, 0.50)

Note:

Using categorical 1+ symptom phenotype of disordered gambling;

using continuous disordered gambling phenotype, 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses.