Table 2. All-cause mortality associated with sleep duration and disturbed sleep among 9,098 men and women free of pre-existing disease (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, respiratory disorders) from the Whitehall II study.

	Men
	No of deaths	Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multiple-adjusted† HR (95% CI)	Additional deaths† per 100,000 PY (95% CI)
Sleep length
≤5 hours	25	1.33 (0.88; 1.99)	1.11 (0.73; 1.68)	48 (−134; 229)
6 hours	171	1.29 (1.06;1.56)	1.23 (1.01; 1.50)	69 (−4; 143)
7 hours	250	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	0 (Reference)
8 hours	87	1.21 (0.94; 1.54)	1.18 (0.92; 1.50)	51 (−30; 132)
>9 hours	5	1.69 (0.70; 4.09)	1.44 (0.59; 3.50)	124 (−284; 532)
Restless, disturbed nights
Not at all	200	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	0 (Reference)
No more than usual	246	0.94 (0.78; 1.13)	0.95 (0.79; 1.14)	−17 (−82; 48)
More than usual	92	0.90 (0.70; 1.15)	0.92 (0.72; 1.17)	−24 (−99; 50)
Joint effect
7–8 h sleep and no sleep disturbances	291	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	0 (Reference)
Disturbed sleep only	46	0.84 (0.61; 1.15)	0.85 (0.62; 1.16)	−38 (−117; 41)
≤6 h sleep only	150	1.19 (0.98; 1.45)	1.13 (0.93; 1.38)	44 (−33; 122)
≤6 h sleep & disturbed sleep	46	1.22 (0.90; 1.67)	1.18 (0.86; 1.61)	61 (−54; 175)
Interaction
P-value for interaction		0.39	0.39	0.47
Additional deaths due to interaction				54 (−93; 201)

^†Adjusted for age, employment grade, ethnicity, and marital status.