Figure 3. Metabolic profile of CHO cells growing at different culture temperatures and dilution rates.

A: Glucose concentration. B: Lactate concentration. C: Glutamate concentration. • Condition 37°C and 0.017 h⁻¹; ○ Condition 33°C and 0.017 h⁻¹; ▴ Condition 37°C and 0.012 h⁻¹; ▵ Condition 33°C and 0.012 h⁻¹. Black dotted line: Start of SS 0.017 h⁻¹. Red dotted line: Start of SS 0.012 h⁻¹.