Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by sex and creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium (uCd). The cutoffs for uCd separate the top quartile, and the bottom three quartiles of creatinine-adjusted urinary cadmium
| Men |
Women |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | <0.65 μg/g (n=4478) |
≥0.65 μg/g (n=1510) |
P value | <0.83 μg/g (n=5046) |
≥0.83 μg/g (n=1698) |
P value |
| Mean (SE) age (years) | 38.6 (0.4) | 53.0 (0.4) | <0.001 | 39.1 (0.3) | 53.2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Race or ethnicity (%) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 76.1 (1.5) | 79.0 (2.0) | <0.001 | 75.1 (1.5) | 77.0(1.6) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 9.6 (0.6) | 9.5 (0.8) | 12.2 (0.8) | 9.2 (0.9) | ||
| Mexican American | 6.5 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.3) | 5.5 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.3) | ||
| <12 years education (%) | 22.5 (0.4) | 30.0 (0.6) | <0.001 | 22.7 (0.3) | 30.7 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.4 (0.2) | 27.1 (0.3) | 0.06 | 26.4 (0.2) | 27.1 (0.3) | 0.06 |
| Sedentary (%) | 20.5 (0.3) | 23.6 (0.5) | <0.001 | 20.7 (0.3) | 24.2 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| History of CVD(%) | 2.1 (0.1) | 5.0 (0.2) | <0.001 | 2.1 (0.1) | 5.3 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| History of Cancer (%) | 5.4 (0.2) | 10.3 (0.2) | <0.001 | 5.4 (0.2) | 10.7 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Current Smoking (%) | 30.2 (0.2) | 26.5 (0.2) | <0.001 | 30.2 (0.1) | 26.2 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SE) Pack years | 9.7 (0.2) | 15.6 (0.2) | <0.001 | 9.9 (0.2) | 15.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SE) serum Cotinine (ng/mL) | 79.7 (0.5) | 80.1 (0.5) | 0.14 | 81.2 (0.5) | 79.2 (0.5) | 0.06 |
| Consume alcohol (%) | 57.2 (0.3) | 49.6 (0.4) | <0.001 | 57.0 (0.2) | 49.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.2 (0.4) | 213.8 (0.4) | <0.001 | 199.6 (0.4) | 214.0 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SE) alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 17.8 (0.4) | 16.6 (0.4) | 0.06 | 17.7 (0.4) | 16.6 (0.4) | 0.06 |
| Mean (SE) aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 21.1 (0.3) | 21.2 (0.3) | 0.90 | 21.1 (0.2) | 21.2 (0.2) | 0.90 |
| Mean (SE) γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/La) | 28.2 (0.1) | 31.2 (0.2) | <0.001 | 28.5 (0.1) | 31.3 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Values are means (SE) or percentages (SE) of participants, unless otherwise specified. All values except for age and race/ethnicity were standardized for age (continuous), and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, other)
a
Among random subset of participants (n=9,909)