. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Demography. 2014 Apr;51(2):341–366. doi: 10.1007/s13524-013-0262-9

Table 2.

Results from the Multilevel Discrete-Time Hazard Models of Infant Mortality

	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3				Model 4				Model 5

Variable	Coeff.	SE	Odds Ratio		Coeff.	SE	Odds Ratio		Coeff.	SE	Odds Ratio		Coeff.	SE	Odds Ratio		Coeff.	SE	Odds Ratio
*Region-level*
Polygyny (%)	0.005	0.002	1.005	^*	0.003	0.002	1.003		0.004	0.002	1.004	^†	0.003	0.002	1.003		0.001	0.002	1.001
Socioeconomic factors
Rurality (%)					0.000	0.001	1.000						0.000	0.001	1.000		0.000	0.001	1.000
Access to electricity (%)					−0.003	0.001	0.997	^†					−0.003	0.001	0.997	^†	−0.003	0.001	0.997	^†
Gender-based inequality
Female-to-male education ratio									−0.248	0.138	0.780	^†	−0.127	0.138	0.881		−0.002	0.145	0.998
Cross-level interactions
Prevalence of polygyny (%) ^* monogamous^a
Prevalence of polygyny (%) ^* polygynous																	0.007	0.002	1.007	^***
Prevalence of polygyny (%) ^* cohabiting																	0.002	0.002	1.002
Prevalence of polygyny (%) ^* lone mother																	−0.001	0.002	0.999
Family-level
Family structure
Monogamous^a
Polygynous	0.353	0.021	1.423	^***	0.354	0.021	1.424	^***	0.353	0.021	1.424	^***	0.354	0.021	1.424	^***	0.123	0.055	1.131	^*
Cohabiting	0.180	0.031	1.198	^***	0.182	0.031	1.199	^***	0.181	0.031	1.198	^***	0.182	0.031	1.199	^***	0.127	0.061	1.135	^*
Lone mother	0.465	0.028	1.592	^***	0.466	0.028	1.593	^***	0.466	0.028	1.593	^***	0.466	0.028	1.593	^***	0.479	0.056	1.614	^***
Household size	−0.098	0.003	0.906	^***	−0.098	0.003	0.906	^***	−0.098	0.003	0.906	^***	−0.098	0.003	0.906	^***	−0.101	0.003	0.904	^***
Household wealth factor score	−0.023	0.013	0.977	^†	−0.017	0.013	0.983		−0.022	0.013	0.978	^†	−0.017	0.013	0.983		−0.017	0.013	0.983
Mother is Muslim	−0.039	0.026	0.961		−0.039	0.026	0.962		−0.040	0.026	0.960		−0.039	0.026	0.962		−0.039	0.026	0.962
Mothers' education	−0.021	0.003	0.980	^***	−0.021	0.003	0.980	^***	−0.020	0.003	0.980	^***	−0.021	0.003	0.980	^***	−0.021	0.003	0.979	^***
Mothers' age at child's birth
<20 years old	0.080	0.025	1.084	^**	0.080	0.025	1.084	^**	0.080	0.025	1.084	^**	0.080	0.025	1.084	^**	0.082	0.025	1.086	^**
20–34^a (ref)
35+	0.277	0.029	1.320	^***	0.277	0.029	1.320	^***	0.277	0.029	1.320	^***	0.277	0.029	1.320	^***	0.278	0.029	1.320	^***
Sibship size	0.657	0.012	1.929	^***	0.657	0.012	1.929	^***	0.657	0.012	1.929	^***	0.657	0.012	1.929	^***	0.658	0.012	1.931	^***
Individual-level
Preceding birth interval
First born^a
<36 months	−0.199	0.027	0.820	^***	−0.199	0.027	0.820	^***	−0.199	0.027	0.820	^***	−0.199	0.027	0.820	^***	−0.197	0.027	0.821	^***
36+ months	−0.636	0.029	0.529	^***	−0.636	0.029	0.529	^***	−0.636	0.029	0.529	^***	−0.636	0.029	0.529	^***	−0.635	0.029	0.530	^***
Female	−0.168	0.016	0.845	^***	−0.168	0.016	0.845	^***	−0.168	0.016	0.845	^***	−0.168	0.016	0.845	^***	−0.168	0.016	0.845	^***
Birth order	−0.595	0.012	0.552	^***	−0.595	0.012	0.552	^***	−0.595	0.012	0.551	^***	−0.595	0.012	0.552	^***	−0.595	0.012	0.551	^***
Child is twin	1.171	0.028	3.227	^***	1.172	0.028	3.228	^***	1.172	0.028	3.227	^***	1.172	0.028	3.228	^***	1.173	0.028	3.230	^***
Month dummies (0–11) (not shown)
Country dummies (not shown)
Constant
Random effects^e
Level 2
Between-family variance	0.233				0.233				0.233				0.233				0.233
Level 3
Between-region variance	0.151				0.149				0.151				0.149				0.148
Model fit
LR test	135.33^***				128.35^***				135.28^***				128.33^***				126.59^***

Source: Demographic and Health Survey,

^†

p<0.1;

p<0.05;

^**

p<0.01;

^***

p<0.001

Reference Group

Variances are estimated parameters

N= 236,336 obs=2,212,761