Table 6.
Generalized estimating equations
| |
Patient safety grade |
Number of events reported |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value* | OR (95% CI) | P-value* | |
| Patient safety culture composites |
|
|
|
|
| Supervisor/Manager expectations & actions promoting patient safety |
1.06 (1.05 - 1.08) |
<0.001
|
0.90 (0.71 - 1.16) |
0.430 |
| Organizational learning and continuous improvement |
1.91 (1.63 - 2.25) |
<0.001
|
0.89 (0.81 - 0.98) |
0.018
|
| Teamwork within units |
1.34 (1.14 - 1.59) |
0.001
|
0.88 (0.84 - 0.92) |
0.000
|
| Communication openness |
1.25 (1.20 - 1.31) |
<0.001
|
1.05 (0.82 - 1.34) |
0.710 |
| Feedback and communications about error |
1.44 (1.33 - 1.56) |
<0.001
|
1.50 (1.49 - 1.51) |
<0.001
|
| Non-punitive response to error |
1.13 (1.07 - 1.20) |
<0.001
|
1.08 (1.04 - 1.13) |
<0.001
|
| Staffing |
1.30 (1.28 - 1.32) |
<0.001
|
0.76 (0.70 - 0.84) |
<0.001
|
| Hospital management support for patient safety |
2.80 (2.55 - 3.08) |
<0.001
|
0.83 (0.71 - 0.97) |
0.021
|
| Hospital handoffs & transitions |
1.09 (0.94 - 1.26) |
0.253 |
1.05 (0.95 - 1.16) |
0.355 |
| Teamwork across hospital units |
1.13 (1.09 - 1.17) |
<0.001
|
0.94 (0.83 - 1.06) |
0.328 |
| Gender |
|
|
|
|
| Male |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Female |
0.50 (0.39 - 0.65) |
<0.001
|
0.75 (0.62 - 0.91) |
0.003
|
| Age |
|
|
|
|
| Less than 30 years of age |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Between 30 and 45 |
0.91 (0.89 - 0.93) |
<0.001
|
1.43 (0.96 - 2.13) |
0.076 |
| Between 46 and 55 |
0.74 (0.48 - 1.16) |
0.188 |
1.23 (0.68 - 2.22) |
0.488 |
| Aged above 55 |
0.66 (0.49 - 0.89) |
0.006
|
1.11 (0.42 - 2.98) |
0.830 |
| Experience at the hospital |
|
|
|
|
| Less than 1 year |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| 1 to 5 years |
1.01 (0.75 - 1.36) |
0.928 |
0.42 (0.37 - 0.48) |
0.928 |
| 6 to 10 years |
1.13 (1.09 - 1.17) |
<0.001
|
0.45 (0.37 - 0.54) |
<0.001
|
| 11 to 15 years |
1.13 (1.11 - 1.15) |
<0.001
|
0.28 (0.26 - 0.31) |
<0.001
|
| 16 to 20 years |
1.31 (1.05 - 1.64) |
0.018
|
0.20 (0.12 - 0.32) |
0.018 |
| More or equal to 21 years |
0.88 (0.56 - 1.38) |
0.578 |
0.27 (0.16 - 0.48) |
0.578 |
| Highest degree |
|
|
|
|
| High school level or below |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Diploma level |
0.29 (0.24 - 0.35) |
<0.001
|
18.88 (14.74 - 24.19) |
<0.001
|
| Baccalaureate degree |
0.23 (0.22 - 0.25) |
<0.001
|
26.13 (24.34 - 28.05) |
<0.001
|
| Masters degree |
0.13 (0.09 - 0.17) |
<0.001
|
47.61 (30.17 - 75.04) |
<0.001
|
| Doctorate degree |
0.21 (0.09 - 0.50) |
<0.001
|
56.09 (7.55 - 416.96) |
<0.001
|
| Other |
0.24 (0.16 - 0.37) |
<0.001
|
9.57 (7.86 - 11.66) |
<0.001
|
| Position at the hospital |
|
|
|
|
| Administration/Management |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Attending/Staff physician |
0.67 (0.57 - 0.79) |
<0.001
|
0.37 (0.22 - 0.62) |
<0.001
|
| Dietician |
0.09 (0.02 - 0.35) |
0.001
|
0.74 (0.43 - 1.27) |
0.273 |
| Infection control practitioner/Coordinator/Nurse |
0.22 (0.08 - 0.64) |
0.006
|
0.91 (0.48 - 1.73) |
0.781 |
| Patient care assistant/Hospital Aide/Care partner |
0.85 (0.30 - 2.35) |
0.748 |
|
|
| Pharmacist |
0.37 (0.06 - 2.16) |
0.270 |
1.32 (1.06 - 1.65) |
0.015
|
| Physical, occupational, speech therapist |
0.32 (0.08 - 1.19) |
0.088 |
0.15 (0.12 - 0.18) |
<0.001
|
| Physician assistant/Nurse practitioner |
|
|
0.68 (0.68 - 0.69) |
<0.001
|
| Registered nurse |
0.35 (0.13 - 0.93) |
0.034
|
0.86 (0.79 - 0.94) |
0.001
|
| Resident physician/Physician in training |
0.29 (0.12 - 0.75) |
0.010
|
1.14 (0.48 - 2.71) |
0.770 |
| Respiratory therapist |
0.13 (0.06 - 0.27) |
<0.001
|
1.58 (1.3 - 1.91) |
<0.001
|
| Quality staff |
0.15 (0.03 - 0.65) |
0.011
|
1.23 (0.49 - 3.06) |
0.656 |
| Unit assistant/Clerk/Secretary |
0.32 (0.20 - 0.51) |
<0.001
|
0.17 (0.13 - 0.21) |
<0.001
|
| Technician (e.g., EKG, Lab, Radiology) |
0.95 (0.62 - 1.45) |
0.803 |
0.32 (0.14 - 0.75) |
0.009
|
| Other |
0.48 (0.11 - 2.06) |
0.324 |
0.26 (0.11 - 0.59) |
0.001
|
| Interaction with patients |
|
|
|
|
| No |
1.08 (0.79 - 1.46) |
0.633 |
1.18 (0.97 - 1.43) |
0.102 |
| Yes |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Hospital size |
|
|
|
|
| Small |
1.58 (1.25 - 1.99) |
<0.001
|
0.62 (0.60 - 0.65) |
<0.001
|
| Large |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| N | 1005 | 1029 | ||
*Bold and italicized font is to refer to statistically significant p-values.