Table 1.

Probiotic modulation of gut microbiota in rodents.

Reference	Probiotic administered	Rodent/metabolic model	Study design (including treatment, dosage and duration)	Effects on gut microbiota	Effects on metabolic derangements
Hsieh et al. [39]	Lactobacillus reuteri	Rats; insulin resistance	Rats fed a high-fructose diet with L. reuteri at a dose of 2 × 109 CFU/rat administered daily for 14 weeks	↑ numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. ↓ number of Clostridium species	↓ Serum levels of insulin, leptin and C-peptide, ↓ Serum levels of glucose, HbA1c and glucose intolerance ↓ Serum LDL-C, TG and TC ↓ Serum levels of AST and ALT ↑ Serum GLP-1 ↓ Adipose tissue concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α ↓ Elvol6, SREBP-1c and FAS ↑ Hepatic AEs (GR and SOD)
Yadav et al. [43]	Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lactobacillus casei	Rats; Diabetes mellitus	STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with dahi containing L. acidophilus and L. casei (15 g/rat/day) for 4 weeks	Uncharacterized	↓ Plasma glucose, TG, LDL-C, TC and LDL/HDL ratio ↑ Plasma insulin and HDL-C ↑ Hepatic glycogen. ↓ Hepatic TC and TG ↓ Panccreatic OD ↑ Pancreatic AEs (SOD, CAT and GPx)
Zhang et al. [46]	Lactobacillus casei Zhang	Rats; Hyperinsu-linemia; Impaired glucose intolerance	Rats fed fructose water and treated with L. casei Zhang at a dose of 1 × 109 CFU/day/rat	↑ numbers of Bacteroides fragilis and Bifidobacterium & Lactobacillus species. ↓ number of Clostridium species	↑ Glucose tolerance ↓ Serum MDA ↓ Serum insulin and GLP-2 ↑ Hepatic expression of adipoR2, LXR-α and PPAR-γ ↓ Hepatic glycogen ↑ Intestinal bile acids
Bejar et al. [41]	Lactobacillus plantarum	Rats; Diabetes mellitus	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with L. plantarum	Uncharacterized	↓ serum levels of plasma glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio, creatinine, urea and transaminases. ↑ HDL cholesterol ↓ hepatic total cholesterol and triglycerides ↓ pancreatic and plasmatic lipase activities ↓ pancreatic β-cell, renal and hepatic injuries
Park et al. [42] and Sakai et al. [40]	Lactobacillus plantarum	Mice; obesity	Mice were fed a high-fat diet and administered 1 × 107 or 1 × 109 CFU/mouse of L. plantarum or L. rhamnosus daily for 12 weeks	Uncharacterized	↓ Serum levels of TG, insulin and leptin ↓ levels of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids ↓ mRNA expression of adipose tissue IL-1β ↓ levels of back and epididymal fat ↓ triglyceride, insulin and leptin ↑ hepatic mRNA expression of PPARα and CPT-I ↓ hepatic mRNA expression of ACC, SREBP-1 and LXRα ↓ Epididymal adipose tissue PPARγ expression
Kim et al. [45]	Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Mice; obesity	Mice were fed a high-fat diet and administered 1 × 109 CFU/mouse of L. plantarum or L. rhamnosus daily for 13 weeks	Uncharacterized	↓ weight gain ↑ insulin sensitivity and adiponectin secretion ↑ Adiponectin production ↑ Expression of hepatic fatty acid oxidative genes ↓ Expression of gluconeogenic genes ↑ mRNA expression of skeletal GLUT4
Kang et al. [44]	Lactobacillus gasseri	Mice; obesity	Mice fed high-sucrose diet and L. gasseri (1 × 109 or 1010 CFU/mouse) for 10 weeks	Uncharacterized	↓ body weight and white adipose tissue weight ↓ serum levels of insulin and leptin ↑ mRNA levels of GLUT4 and fatty acid oxidation-related genes (ACO, CPT1, PPARα and PPARδ) ↓ mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes (SREBP-1c and ACC)

HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; Elvol6, fatty acid elongase 6; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c; FAS, fatty acid synthase; OD, oxidative damage; AEs, antioxidant enzymes; GR, glutathione reductase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; AdipoR2, adiponectin receptor 2; LXR-α, liver X receptor-alpha; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; PPARδ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I; ACO, acyl CoA oxidase; UCP3, uncoupling proteins3; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ↑ = Increase/enhance; ↓ = Reduce/suppress.