Table 3.
Antimicrobial modulation of gut microbiota in rodents.
| Reference | Antibiotics administered | Rodent/metabolic model | Study design (including treatment, dosage and duration) | Effects on gut microbiota | Effects on metabolic derangements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Membrez et al. [80] | Norfloxacin and ampicillin | Mice; Insulin resistance and obesity | Genetically obese, diet-induced obese and insulin-resistant mice treated with norfloxacin and ampicillin (1 g/L each) for 14 or 17 days | Uncharacterized | ↓ Blood glucose and glucose intolerance ↓ Plasma insulin and insulin resistance ↓ Plasma LPS ↓ Hepatic TG ↑ Adiponectin ↑ Hepatic glycogen storage |
| Carvalho et al., Bergheim et al. and Cho et al. [81–83] | Aampicillin, neomycin and metronidazole | Mice; Fatty liver, adiposity | Mice fed HFD with ampicillin, neomycin and metronidazole, each at 1 g/L) or polymyxin B (92 mg) and neomycin (216 mg) for 8 weeks | ↓ Total bacterial count ↓ Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes |
↓ Food intake and body weight gain ↓ Plasma glucose and insulin ↑ Glucose and insulin tolerance ↓ LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 ↓ TLR4, JNK, IKKbeta ↑ Colonic levels of SCFAs and GIP ↑ Phosphorylation of IR, IRS-1 and Akt ↑ Circulating acetate ↑ AMPK phosphorylation |
| Murphy et al. and Bech-Nielsen et al. [84,85] | Vancomycin, ampicillin | Mice; Obesity | Mice fed a low-fat or high-fat diet with/without vancomycin (2 mg/day) for 8 weeks | ↑ Proteobacteria ↓ Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes |
↓ Body weight gain ↑ Glucose tolerance ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Plasma TG and TNF-α |
| Hansen et al. [86] | Vancomycin | Mice; Diabetes mellitus | NOD mice treated with vancomycin (83 mg/kg/day) until development of diabetes or weaning (28 days) | ↓ Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes | ↓ Blood glucose ↓ Insulitis score |
LPS, lipopolysaccharides; TG, triglycerides; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TLR-4, Toll-Like Receptor-4; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IKKbeta, inhibitory-kappaB kinase (IKK)-beta; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide; IR, insulin receptor; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1. ↑ = Increase/enhance; ↓ = Reduce/suppress.