Figure 2.

Cardiovascular influences of epinephrine. The graph is adapted from Hersh et al.¹⁸ Average of cardiovascular changes were recorded following injection of 7 cartridges (11.9 mL) of articaine containing either 1 : 100,000 or 1 : 200,000 concentrations of epinephrine (∼120 and 60 μg respectively). Although actual changes were mild, consider that all volunteers were healthy young adults taking no medications. Even so, 2 volunteers experienced palpitations. Also note confirmation of the dose-dependent responses for 60 versus 120 μg.