Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Clinical measurements |
PPG pulse amplitude measures |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Women (n=154) | Men (n=157) | p Value | Characteristics | Women (n=154) | Men (n=156) | p Value |
| Anthropometrics | PPG ratio | ||||||
| Age, years | 53.51±12.2 | 51.8±14.5 | 0.26 | Time intervals (s) | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.3±4.0 | 27.3±3.7 | 0.03 | 0–30 | 1.43 (0.87 to 2.02) | 1.27 (0.83 to 1.84) | 0.002 |
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 125.5±15.4 | 131.4±14.3 | 0.0006 | 30–60 | 1.93 (1.08 to 2.86) | 1.46 (1.00 to 2.13) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic pressure, mm Hg | 80.4±8.0 | 84.5±9.5 | <0.0001 | 60–90 | 1.84 (1.10 to 2.50) | 1.37 (0.97 to 1.93) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 66.5±10.2 | 62.4±9.9 | 0.0003 | 90–120 | 1.64 (1.09 to 2.16) | 1.27 (0.93 to 1.79) | <0.0001 |
| Questionnaire data | 120–150 | 1.49 (1.06 to 2.01) | 1.20 (0.92 to 1.59) | <0.0001 | |||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 28 (18.2) | 18 (11.5) | 0.10 | 150–180 | 1.38 (1.00 to 1.84) | 1.16 (0.89 to 1.46) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 39 (25.3) | 94 (59.9) | <0.0001 | 180–210 | 1.30 (0.98 to 1.65) | 1.14 (0.87 to 1.43) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5 (3.3) | 4 (2.6) | 0.72 | 210–240 | 1.24 (0.95 to 1.65) | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.33) | <0.0001 |
| Treated for hypertension, n (%) | 38 (24.7) | 40 (25.5) | 0.87 | ||||
| β-blockers, n (%) | 18 (11.7) | 23 (14.7) | 0.44 | ||||
| ACE or ARB, n (%) | 12 (7.8) | 15 (9.6) | 0.58 | ||||
| Diuretics or CCB, n (%) | 22 (14.3) | 19 (12.1) | 0.57 | ||||
| History of IHD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (4.5) | 0.008 | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.2±1.00 | 5.0±0.96 | 0.037 | ||||
| Lipid lowering agents, n (%) | 10 (6.5) | 8 (5.1) | 0.60 | ||||
Values are mean (±SD), mean (10–90%) or number of participants (%).
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; PPG, photoplethysmography.