Table 3. .
Lateral Drop-Landing Task: Joint Kinematic Variables and Results of Analysis of Variance and Post Hoc Tests
| Joint, Plane |
Kinematic Variable |
Group, Mean ± SD (95% Confidence Interval) |
Interaction Effect (F2,87) |
Group Effect (F2,87) |
Test-Time Effect (F1,88) |
|||||
| Plyometric |
Integrated: Balance + Plyometric |
Control |
||||||||
| Pretest |
Posttest |
Pretest |
Posttest |
Pretest |
Posttest |
|||||
| Hip, sagittal | Maximum flexion (+) | 28.91 ± 4.18 (27.35, 30.47) | 39.27 ± 9.62a (35.68, 42.86) | 28.37 ± 3.29 (27.14, 29.60) | 38.24±4.57a (36.54, 39.95) | 30.14±6.13 (27.86, 32.43) | 29.93±6.63b (27.46, 32.41) | F = 21.688 | F = 5.571 | F = 81.356 |
| P < .001 | P = .005 | P < .001 | ||||||||
| Maximum extension (−) | 20.03 ± 2.95 (18.93, 21.13) | 18.31 ± 5.35 (16.31, 20.31) | 20.16 ± 2.33 (19.29, 21.03) | 19.26 ± 5.06 (17.37, 21.14) | 19.62 ± 3.08 (18.47, 20.77) | 18.73 ± 2.30 (17.87, 19.59) | F = 0.292 | F = 0.362 | F = 5.241 | |
| P = .748 | P = .697 | P = .024 | ||||||||
| Hip, transverse | Maximum external rotation (+) | 3.72 ± 4.31 (2.11, 5.33) | 2.72 ± 5.77 (0.57, 4.87) | 2.78 ± 5.61 (0.68, 4.88) | 2.25 ± 4.94 (0.40, 4.10) | 2.80 ± 4.60 (1.08, 4.51) | 3.00 ± 4.47 (1.33, 4.66) | F = 0.278 | F = 0.247 | F = 0.452 |
| P = .758 | P = .781 | P = .503 | ||||||||
| Maximum internal rotation (−) | −13.25 ± 5.21 (−15.19, −11.30) | −10.81 ± 5.16 (−12.73, −8.88) | −13.44 ± 5.03 (−15.32, −11.57) | −10.3 ± 4.84c(−12.12, −8.50) | −12.84 ± 4.65 (−14.58, −11.10) | − 14.4 ± 4.93d (−16.31, −12.63) | F= 4.735 | F = 2.050 | F = 3.712 | |
| P = .011 | P = .135 | P = .057 | ||||||||
| Knee, sagittal | Maximum flexion (+) | 50.18 ± 6.45 (47.77, 52.59) | 53.14 ± 8.51e (49.96. 56.31) | 48.04 ± 6.66 (45.44, 50.53) | 52.33 ± 7.47e (49.54, 55.12) | 48.85 ± 5.58 (46.76, 50.93) | 49.04 ± 5.13 (47.12, 50.95) | F = 4.293 | F = 1.471 | F = 18.148 |
| P = .017 | P = .235 | P < .001 | ||||||||
| Maximum extension (−) | 12.73 ± 5.11 (10.82, 14.63) | 12.48 ± 5.98 (10.24, 14.71) | 12.74 ± 4.57 (11.04, 14.45) | 12.75 ± 4.28 (11.15, 14.35) | 13.17 ± 5.44 (11.14, 15.21) | 14.87 ± 5.33 (12.88, 16.86) | F = 1.072 | F = 0.982 | F = −0.680 | |
| P = .374 | P = .379 | P = .412 | ||||||||
| Ankle, sagittal | Maximum flexion (+) | 18.16 ± 2.56 (17.21, 19.12) | 21.21 ± 2.18f,g(20.40, 22.02) | 19.16 ± 4.61 (17.44, 20.88) | 18.50 ± 5.26 (16.53, 20.47) | 19.86 ± 3.62 (18.51, 21.21) | 20.12 ± 3.57 (18.78, 21.45) | F = 13.795 | F = 0.883 | F = 8.614 |
| P < .01 | P = .418 | P = .004 | ||||||||
| Maximum extension (−) | −17.06 ± 4.76 (−18.84, −15.28) | −16.17 ± 5.01 (−18.04, −14.29) | −16.04 ± 5.25 (−18.00, −14.08) | −14.73 ± 4.78 (−16.51, −12.94) | −15.98 ± 5.56 (−18.06, −13.91) | −16.30 ± 4.85 (−18.11, −14.49) | F = 1.187 | F = 0.549 | F = 2.001 | |
| P = .310 | P = .579 | P = .161 | ||||||||
| Ankle, frontal | Maximum inversion (+) | 8.35 ± 2.98 (7.24, 9.47) | 6.92 ± 2.71h(5.91, 7.93) | 7.98 ± 2.83 (6.92, 9.03) | 6.59 ± 2.01 (5.84, 7.34) | 6.95 ± 3.19 (5.76, 8.14) | 7.42 ± 2.77 (6.39, 8.46) | F = 3.138 | F = 0.347 | F = 4.876 |
| P = .048 | P = .708 | P = .030 | ||||||||
| Maximum eversion (−) | −1.69 ± 0.75 (−1.97, −1.41) | −1.58 ± 1.50 (−2.14, −1.02) | −1.88 ± 1.11 (−2.29, −1.47) | −1.60 ± 1.10 (−2.01, −1.18) | −1.57 ± 0.64 (−1.80, −1.33) | −1.41 ± 1.02 (−1.79, −1.03) | F = 0.098 | F = 0.989 | F = 1.183 | |
| P = .907 | P = .376 | P = .280 | ||||||||
| Ankle, transverse | Maximum external rotation (+) | 18.35 ± 6.51 (15.92, 20.79) | 17.14 ± 7.31 (14.41, 19.87) | 20.92 ± 7.09 (18.28, 23.57) | 13.92 ±7.81i (11.00, 16.84) | 19.96 ± 6.61 (17.49, 22.42) | 21.05 ± 6.52j (18.61, 23.48) | F = 8.163 | F = 2.608 | F = 7.955 |
| P = .001 | P = .079 | P = .024 | ||||||||
| Maximum internal rotation (−) | 4.06 ± 5.84 (1.88, 6.24) | 4.04 ± 5.61 (2.39, 5.68) | 4.65 ± 4.55 (2.95, 6.34) | 4.42 ± 4.41 (2.66, 6.18) | 5.96 ± 6.01 (3.71, 8.20) | 5.52 ± 5.93 (3.30, 7.73) | F = 0.035 | F = 1.250 | F = 0.122 | |
| P = .966 | P = .292 | P = .728 | ||||||||
Indicates increased maximal hip flexion in plyometric (t = −5.28, P < .001)- and integrated (t = −10.69, P < .001)-training groups.
Indicates less posttest hip maximal flexion in the control group than in the plyometric- or integrated-training groups (F = 15.00, P < .001).
Indicates decreased maximal hip internal-rotation angle in the integrated-training group (t = −2.72, P = .011).
Indicates greater posttest hip maximal internal rotation in the control group than in the integrated-training group (F = 6.25, P = .003).
Indicates increased maximal knee flexion in the plyometric (t = −2.19, P = .037)- and integrated (t = −4.30, P < .001)-training groups.
Indicates increased maximal ankle dorsiflexion in the plyometric-training group (t = −5.00, P < .001).
Indicates greater posttest ankle maximal dorsiflexion in the plyometric-training group than in the integrated-training group (F = 3.70, P = .029).
Indicates decreased maximal ankle inversion in the integrated-training group (t = 2.62, P = .014).
Indicates decreased maximal ankle external rotation in the integrated-training group (t = 4.74, P < .001).
Indicates greater maximal ankle external rotation in the control group than the integrated-training group (F = 7.31, P = .001).