Table 4. .
Medial Drop-Landing Task: Joint Kinematic Variables and Results of Analysis of Variance and Post Hoc Tests
| Joint, Plane |
Kinematic Variable |
Group, Mean ± SD (95% Confidence Interval) |
Interaction Effect (F2,87) |
Group Effect (F2,87) |
Test-Time Effect (F1,88) |
|||||
| Plyometric |
Integrated: Balance + Plyometric |
Control |
||||||||
| Pretest |
Posttest |
Pretest |
Posttest |
Pretest |
Posttest |
|||||
| Hip, sagittal | Maximal flexion (+) | 31.73 ± 6.68 (29.23, 34.22) | 40.95 ± 9.84a (37.28, 44.63) | 29.64 ± 5.34 (27.65, 31.63) | 40.96 ± 8.55a (37.76, 44.15) | 34.24 ± 7.21 (29.31, 34.93) | 32.17 ± 7.39b (29.33, 34.41) | F = 22.773 | F = 3.412 | F = 81.111 |
| P < .001 | P = .037 | P < .001 | ||||||||
| Maximal extension (−) | 13.13 ± 2.78 (12.09, 14.17) | 13.93 ± 4.68 (12.18, 15.67) | 12.58 ± 3.19 (11.39, 13.77) | 15.26 ± 5.14c (13.35, 17.18) | 13.69 ± 2.56 (12.73, 14.64) | 14.34 ± 5.53 (12.28, 16.41) | F = 1.509 | F = 0.184 | F = 6.732 | |
| P = .227 | P = .832 | P = .011 | ||||||||
| Hip, transverse | Maximal external rotation (+) | 1.26 ± 3.29 (0.04, 2.49) | 1.98 ± 4.71 (0.22, 3.74) | 1.21 ± 4.79 (−0.58, 2.99) | 1.19 ± 4.26 (−0.40, 2.78) | 2.41 ± 5.88 (0.21, 4.61) | 1.83 ± 5.04 (−0.05, 3.71) | F = 0.595 | F = 0.377 | F = 0.007 |
| P = .554 | P =.687 | P = .934 | ||||||||
| Maximal internal rotation (−) | −15.11 ± 3.08 (−16.26, −13.96) | −13.68 ± 3.04 (−14.82, −12.55) | −15.61 ± 4.07 (−17.13, −14.09) | −13.04 ± 5.72 (−15.17, −10.90) | −13.52 ± 4.63 (−15.25, −11.80) | −13.43 ± 5.8 (−15.87, −11.43) | F = 1.581 | F = 0.497 | F = 4.306 | |
| P = .212 | P = .610 | P = .041 | ||||||||
| Knee, sagittal | Maximal flexion (+) | 52.05 ± 8.45 (48.90, 55.20) | 54.46 ± 10.89 (50.39, 58.53) | 51.20 ± 9.68 (47.59, 54.82) | 56.43 ± 8.57d (53.23, 59.64) | 51.40 ± 5.68 (49.28, 53.42) | 50.31 ± 3.83e (48.88, 51.74) | F = 9.407 | F = 1.251 | F = 13.457 |
| P < .001 | P = .291 | P ≤ .001 | ||||||||
| Maximal extension (-) | 14.63 ± 3.86 (13.19, 16.07) | 16.63 ± 6.20 (14.32, 18.95) | 13.15 ± 4.98 (11.29, 15.01) | 13.77 ± 6.73 (11.26, 16.29) | 14.34 ± 4.63 (12.61, 16.07) | 14.48 ± 4.46 (12.81, 16.14) | F = 0.838 | F = 1.862 | F = 2.265 | |
| P = .436 | P = .161 | P = .136 | ||||||||
| Ankle, sagittal | Maximal flexion (+) | 21.84 ± 3.12 (20.67, 23.00) | 23.25 ± 3.12 (22.09, 24.42) | 20.05 ± 5.51 (17.99, 22.11) | 19.04 ± 5.50f (16.99, 21.09) | 22.65 ± 2.36 (21.77, 23.53) | 23.78 ± 3.10 (22.62, 24.94) | F = 2.495 | F = 10.796 | F = 1.109 |
| P = .088 | P < .001 | P = .295 | ||||||||
| Maximal extension (−) | −16.73 ± 3.44 (−18.01, −15.44) | −16.50 ± 4.18 (−18.06, −14.95) | −16.87 ± 5.28 (−18.87, −14.90) | −15.12 ± 8.86 (−18.43, −11.81) | −17.15 ± 6.08 (−19.42, −14.88) | −17.13 ± 5.05 (−19.01, −15.24) | F = 0.684 | F = 0.425 | F = 1.018 | |
| P = .507 | P = .655 | P = .316 | ||||||||
| Ankle, frontal | Maximal inversion (+) | 12.79 ± 4.87 (10.97, 14.61) | 9.28 ± 4.77g (7.50, 11.06) | 13.33 ± 6.05 (11.07, 15.59) | 8.05 ± 5.80g (5.89, 10.22) | 12.11 ± 6.10 (9.83, 14.39) | 11.06 ± 4.15g (9.51, 12.61) | F = 3.565 | F = 0.318 | F = 25.489 |
| P = .033 | P = .728 | P < .001 | ||||||||
| Maximal eversion (−) | −4.53 ± 2.76 (−5.56, −3.50) | −2.14 ± 2.32h (−3.00, −1.27) | −3.78 ± 2.46 (−4.70, −2.86) | −2.54 ± 2.86h (−3.61, −1.47) | −3.64 ± 2.05 (−4.40, −2.88) | −3.26 ± 1.37h (−2.28, −1.25) | F = 2.709 | F =1.181 | F = 14.137 | |
| P = .072 | P = .312 | P < .001 | ||||||||
| Ankle, transverse | Maximal external rotation (+) | 11.36 ± 5.82 (9.19, 13.54) | 12.03 ± 5.97 (9.80, 14.26) | 12.98 ± 4.73 (11.22, 14.75) | 12.58 ± 7.10 (9.93, 15.23) | 12.48 ± 8.61 (9.19, 15.76) | 14.81 ± 8.45 (11.65, 17.96) | F = 0.838 | F = 0.902 | F = 0.995 |
| P = .436 | P = .410 | P = .321 | ||||||||
| Maximal internal rotation (−) | 1.40 ± 3.44 (0.11, 2.69) | 0.94 ± 4.73 (−0.48, 2.35) | 1.84 ± 2.29 (0.98, 2.69) | 1.35 ± 2.64 (0.37, 2.34) | 2.33 ± 2.96(1.23, 3.44) | 2.62 ± 4.05 (1.11, 4.13) | F = 0.378 | F = 1.973 | F = 0.287 | |
| P = .686 | P = .145 | P = .594 | ||||||||
Indicates increased maximal hip flexion in the plyometric (t = − 6.553, P < .001) and integrated-training groups (F = 7.863, P < .001).
Indicates less maximal hip flexion in the control group than in the plyometric- and integrated-training groups (F = 11.459, P < .001).
Indicates decreased maximal hip extension in the integrated-training group (t = −2.665, P = .012).
Indicates increased maximal knee flexion in the integrated-training group (t = −5.203, P < .001).
Indicates less maximal knee flexion in the control group than in the integrated-training group (F = 4.248, P = .017).
Indicates less maximal ankle dorsiflexion in the integrated-training group than in the plyometric-training and control groups (F = 12.248, P < .001).
Indicates decreased maximal ankle inversion in the plyometric-training (t = 3.405, P = .012) and integrated-training (t = 3.996, P = .001) groups.
Indicates decreased maximal ankle eversion in the plyometric-training (t = −3.071, P = .005), integrated-training (t = −2.212, P = .035), and control groups (t = −4.037, P < .001).