Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of possible influencing factors of GPA in first year university students (%, Mean ± SD, n = 101), subdivided into students who passed (n = 52), failed (n = 22) or did not attend all final course exams (n = 27)
| Measures | All n = 74 | Passed n = 52 | Failed n = 22 | Did not attend all course exams n = 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
GPA (%)
|
64.3 ± 9.2 |
68.3 ± 6.9 |
54.7 ± 6.2 |
/ |
|
Demographics
|
|
|
|
|
| Gender (% of females) |
77.0 |
82.7 |
63.6 |
40.7 |
| Age (yrs) |
18.0 ± 0.6 |
17.9 ± 0.5 |
18.1 ± 0.8 |
18.3 ± 0.9 |
| Ethnicity (% of students of which one of the parents is from foreign origin) |
20.9 |
23.3 |
15.4 |
20.0 |
| Residency (% living in student residence) |
47.3 |
48.1 |
45.5 |
25.9 |
| GPA in the last year of secondary school (%) |
68.6 ± 7.5 |
70.0 ± 6.9 |
65.0 ± 8.0 |
63.6 ± 6.3 |
|
Socio-Economic Status (SES)
c
|
|
|
|
|
| Education father (% diploma higher education) |
57.2 |
48.3 |
77.0 |
46.7 |
| Education mother (% diploma higher education) |
69.0 |
70.0 |
66.6 |
60.0 |
|
Smoking (% non-smokers)
|
95.9 |
96.2 |
95.5 |
96.2 |
|
Dieting status (% dieters)
b
|
11.0 |
9.8 |
13.6 |
11.5 |
|
Anthropometrics
|
|
|
|
|
| Initial weight (kg) |
61.8 ± 9.3 |
61.0 ± 8.0 |
63.5 ± 12.0 |
66.7 ± 14.0 |
| Initial BMI (kg/m2) |
21.7 ± 2.7 |
21.5 ± 2.5 |
22.0 ± 3.1 |
22.1 ± 3.3 |
| Initial fat% (%) |
22.5 ± 7.1 |
22.8 ± 7.4 |
21.9 ± 6.7 |
19.2 ± 6.5 |
| Initial WC (cm) |
70.4 ± 6.4 |
69.6 ± 5.6 |
72.3 ± 7.9 |
73.5 ± 8.0 |
| Weight change (kg) |
0.7 ± 2.0 |
0.4 ± 1.9 |
1.6 ± 1.8 |
1.6 ± 2.2 |
| BMI change (kg/m2) |
0.3 ± 0.8 |
0.1 ± 0.8 |
0.5 ± 0.7 |
0.4 ± 0.8 |
| Fat% change (%) |
1.0 ± 2.4 |
0.7 ± 2.5 |
1.5 ± 2.0 |
0.5 ± 2.8 |
| WC change (cm) |
-0.0 ± 2.3 |
-0.5 ± 2.3 |
1.0 ± 2.1 |
1.2 ± 2.2 |
|
Physical activity
d
|
|
|
|
|
| Active transportation (walking and cycling) (min/week) |
179.7 ± 123.5 |
175.7 ± 119.5 |
189.5 ± 135.3 |
193.5 ± 118.4 |
| Sport participation (min/week) |
146.1 ± 180.1 |
152.7 ± 180.4 |
130.7 ± 182.9 |
117.4 ± 161.0 |
| Total physical activity (min/week) |
324.8 ± 211.7 |
326.8 ± 220.3 |
320.2 ± 195.4 |
310.8 ± 222.8 |
|
Sedentary behaviour
a
|
|
|
|
|
| TV/DVD watching on weekdays (hours/day) |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
1.1 ± 0.8 |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
| TV/DVD watching on weekend days (hours/day) |
2.1 ± 1.1 |
2.1 ± 1.2 |
1.9 ± 1.0 |
2.2 ± 1.3 |
| Reading and studying on weekdays (hours/day) |
1.8 ± 1.1 |
1.8 ± 1.2 |
1.9 ± 0.8 |
1.9 ± 1.1 |
| Reading and studying on weekend days (hours/day) |
2.9 ± 1.5 |
2.8 ± 1.6 |
3.1 ± 1.5 |
2.8 ± 1.5 |
| Computer activities on week days (hours/day) |
1.7 ± 1.3 |
1.7 ± 1.4 |
1.7 ± 1.2 |
1.9 ± 1.2 |
| Computer activities on weekend days (hours/day) |
1.9 ± 1.2 |
1.8 ± 1.3 |
2.1 ± 1.0 |
2.3 ± 1.5 |
| Video games on weekdays (hours/day) |
0.2 ± 0.6 |
0.1 ± 0.4 |
0.4 ± 0.9 |
0.3 ± 1.0 |
| Video games on weekend days (hours/day) |
0.4 ± 1.0 |
0.3 ± 0.9 |
0.5 ± 1.2 |
0.6 ± 1.1 |
|
Eating habits
|
|
|
|
|
| Eating breakfast (#/week)a |
5.7 ± 2.2 |
5.5 2.3 |
6.0 ± 2.0 |
5.8 ± 2.3 |
| Eating lunch (#/week)a |
6.6 ± 1.2 |
6.5 ± 1.3 |
6.6 ± 1.0 |
6.7 ± 0.9 |
| Eating dinner (#/week)a |
6.7 ± 0.9 |
6.7 ± 0.7 |
6.6 ± 1.3 |
6.8 ± 0.5 |
| Eating at home with parents (#/week)a |
3.8 ± 2.1 |
3.6 ± 2.1 |
4.1 ± 2.1 |
4.6 ± 2.1 |
| Eating at student restaurant (#/week)a |
1.2 ± 1.5 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
1.8 ± 2.1 |
1.8 ± 1.9 |
| Eating at fast food restaurant (#/week)a |
0.3 ± 0.4 |
0.3 ± 0.4 |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.4 ± 0.3 |
| Eating at other kind of restaurant (#/week)a |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.4 ± 0.3 |
| Eating at a friend’s place (#/week)a |
0.4 ± 0.5 |
0.4 ± 0.4 |
0.4 ± 0.6 |
0.5 ± 0.5 |
| Fruit consumption (#/day)b |
1.0 ± 1.0 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
0.9 ± 0.6 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
| Vegetable consumption (#/day)b |
1.2 ± 0.7 |
1.2 ± 0.7 |
1.2 ± 0.6 |
1.3 ± 1.0 |
| Soda consumption (#/day)b |
0.8 ± 1.1 |
0.6 ± 0.9 |
1.2 ± 1.3 |
1.2 ± 1.3 |
| French fries consumption (#/week)b |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
| Fast food consumption (#/week)b |
0.7 ± 0.9 |
0.7 ± 0.9 |
0.8 ± 0.9 |
0.9 ± 0.9 |
|
Alcohol
|
|
|
|
|
| Frequency of alcohol use (#/week)b |
0.8 ± 1.5 |
0.6 ± 1.0 |
1.3 ± 2.4 |
0.8 ± 1.3 |
| Frequency of alcohol consumptions (# on drinking days)c |
2.7 ± 2.0 |
2.6 ± 1.9 |
2.9 ± 2.2 |
3.1 ± 3.0 |
|
Sleeping habits
c
|
|
|
|
|
| Hours of sleep on weekdays (hours/day) |
7.8 ± 1.0 |
7.8 ± 1.0 |
7.9 ± 1.1 |
7.6 ± 0.9 |
| Hours of sleep on weekend days (hours/day) |
9.4 ± 1.2 |
9.4 ± 1.2 |
9.3 ± 1.3 |
9.2 ± 1.2 |
|
Stress
|
|
|
|
|
| Mental stress (PSS score*)e | 13.6 ± 5.9 | 13.5 ± 6.0 | 13.8 ± 5.8 | 14.4 ± 6.5 |