Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants by Vital Status at the End of the Follow-up and Baseline Sex-Specific Tertiles of Fast Walking Speed (FWS)
| Characteristics* | Overall† (n = 4,016) | Vital Status† | P ‡ | Baseline FWS§ | P ¶ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive (n = 3,108) | Dead (n = 908) | T1|| (n = 1,256) | T2 (n = 1,258) | T3 (n = 1,197) | ||||
| Age (M, SD) | 73.4 (4.7) | 72.7 (4.3) | 75.7 (4.9) | <.0001 | 75.3 (4.7) | 73.2 (4.5) | 71.7 (4.2) | <.0001 |
| Women | 61.7 | 65.8 | 47.2 | <.0001 | 60.8 | 65.5 | 58.6 | <.0001 |
| Primary school or less | 34.7 | 34.6 | 34.8 | .93 | 44.2 | 34.2 | 24.2 | <.0001 |
| BMI ≥30kg/m2 | 13.5 | 12.9 | 15.4 | .007 | 20.3 | 12.3 | 7.7 | <.0001 |
| Height, cm (M, SD) | 161.7 (8.8) | 161.4 (8.6) | 163.0 (9.2) | .79 | 160.48 (8.9) | 161.26 (8.7) | 163.53 (8.5) | <.0001 |
| Low physical activity | 23.5 | 22.1 | 29.3 | .002 | 30.3 | 20.7 | 19.5 | <.0001 |
| Grams of alcohol/wk (M, SD) | 12.1 (13.7) | 11.5 (13.3) | 14.4 (15.6) | .60 | 12.1 (14.3) | 11.5 (13.2) | 12.8 (13.6) | .10 |
| Smoking ≥20 pack-years | 16.5 | 14.3 | 24.6 | <.0001 | 17.4 | 16.0 | 16.2 | .01 |
| Coronary artery disease | 10.2 | 8.4 | 16.3 | <.0001 | 13.9 | 9.1 | 7.4 | <.0001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 3.2 | 2.1 | 6.9 | <.0001 | 4.8 | 2.3 | 2.5 | <.0001 |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 47.2 | 44.2 | 57.0 | <.0001 | 57.1 | 45.2 | 39.0 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.6 | 6.7 | 10.2 | .003 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 6.1 | <.0001 |
| Homocysteine, µmol/L (M, SD) | 14.9 (5.6) | 14.5 (4.9) | 16.3 (7.2) | <.0001 | 15.8 (5.9) | 14.56 (5.1) | 14.3 (5.6) | <.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 33.6 | 34.3 | 30.5 | .17 | 34.2 | 35.3 | 31.3 | <.0001 |
| MMSE score (M, SD) | 27.5 (1.9) | 27.5 (1.9) | 27.2 (1.9) | .02 | 27.0 (2.4) | 27.6 (1.8) | 27.8 (1.7) | <.0001 |
| Psychotropic drugs | 25.5 | 24.0 | 28.5 | .02 | 33.4 | 24.0 | 18.6 | <.0001 |
| Depressive symptoms# | 13.1 | 12.4 | 14.1 | .39 | 18.1 | 11.4 | 9.5 | <.0001 |
| NSAIDs | 14.9 | 15.1 | 14.5 | .72 | 19.5 | 14.4 | 10.6 | <.0001 |
| Disability** | 5.0 | 3.6 | 9.0 | <.0001 | 9.7 | 3.4 | 1.6 | <.0001 |
| Fall in the preceding year | 16.9 | 16.2 | 19.9 | .003 | 20.1 | 17.7 | 12.7 | <.0001 |
| Walking speed, m/s (M, SD) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | <.0001 | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.2) | <.0001 |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; T = tertile; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; MMSE = mini-mental state examination; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. *Percents unless otherwise stated.
†4016 participants with ≥1 FWS measure during follow-up.
‡Analysis of covariance (continuous variables) or Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test (categorical variables) age adjusted and sex adjusted.
§3711 participants with baseline FWS.
||Cutoffs: men: T1: ≤1.50 m/s; T2: 1.51–1.82 m/s; T3: >1.82 m/s; women: T1: ≤1.30 m/s; T2: 1.31–1.50 m/s; T3: >1.50 m/s.
¶Linear regression or analysis of covariance with continuous walking speed as the outcome, age- and sex adjusted.
#Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression score ≥17 for men or ≥23 for women.
**Disabled for mobility and IADLs/ADLs. Missing for 133 (relation with vital status) and 124 (relation with walking speed) subjects.