Table 4.

Nonfrontier Centers: Generalized Linear Model with Instrumental Variables

	DEA 1	DEA 2	DEA 3
Total grant revenue (%)	−1.368*	−0.055	−1.414*
Medicaid managed care revenue (%)	−0.223*	0.090	−0.158
Ratio NP+PA/physician	−0.007	−0.217*	−0.030
Ln staff hours	0.042*	−0.010	0.038
Actual versus expected utilization	0.158	0.305**	0.166
Actual versus expected diabetes	−0.015	−0.024	−0.004
Actual versus expected hypertension	0.134	0.179*	0.145
Patients 1–5 years old (%)	0.636	1.221*	0.668
Patients 65 and older (%)	0.09	0.190	0.002
Black (%)	−0.019	0.044	−0.005
Non-English (%)	−0.057	0.170	−0.045
Medicaid (%)	−0.386*	−0.347	−0.590**
Uninsured (%)	0.628*	−0.123	0.59
Urban	−0.01	−0.025	−0.007
Ln county household income	−0.225***	−0.078	−0.174**
Residuals from IV regression	0.943	−0.182	1.050
Constant	2.629***	−0.700	2.222***

^***p < .001,

^**p < .01,

^*p < .05.