Table 4.
Quantile Regression Results: The Association of Recession and Health Care Expenditures
| 10th Percentile | 25th Percentile | 50th Percentile | 75th Percentile | 90th Percentile | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef | Coef | Coef | Coef | Coef | |
| Total health care expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | −0.21*** | −0.19*** | −0.06** | −0.03 | 0.01 |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | −0.29*** | −0.24*** | −0.14*** | −0.11*** | −0.10* |
| African Americans | −0.36*** | −0.33*** | −0.22*** | −0.14*** | 0.00 |
| Asians | −0.42*** | −0.43*** | −0.28*** | −0.22*** | −0.22 |
| Other races | −0.02 | −0.08 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.12 |
| Latinos × Recession | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.08 | −0.03 |
| African Americans × Recession | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.08 |
| Asians × Recession | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.08 |
| Other Races × Recession | −0.35** | −0.16 | −0.12 | −0.03 | 0.11 |
| Prescription drug expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | −0.68*** | −0.61*** | −0.41*** | −0.23*** | −0.06* |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | −0.24*** | −0.20*** | −0.15*** | −0.12*** | −0.11* |
| African Americans | −0.36*** | −0.35*** | −0.35*** | −0.26*** | −0.24*** |
| Asians | −0.42** | −0.40*** | −0.25*** | −0.34*** | −0.36*** |
| Other races | −0.16 | −0.18* | −0.18* | −0.16 | −0.08 |
| Latinos × Recession | −0.08 | −0.19*** | −0.24*** | −0.19*** | −0.24*** |
| African Americans × Recession | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.11* | −0.11* | −0.04 |
| Asians × Recession | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.16 | −0.09 | −0.07 |
| Other Races × Recession | −0.16 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.04 |
| Physician visits expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.07** | 0.06* |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | −0.12** | −0.14*** | −0.12*** | 0.00 | 0.03 |
| African Americans | −0.26*** | −0.28*** | −0.25*** | −0.25*** | −0.12* |
| Asians | −0.20* | −0.27*** | −0.33*** | −0.35*** | −0.22* |
| Other races | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| Latinos × Recession | 0.11* | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.12** | −0.17** |
| African Americans × Recession | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.04 |
| Asians × Recession | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.09 |
| Other Races × Recession | −0.05 | −0.17 | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.06 |
| Outpatient expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | 0.00 | −0.07 | −0.28* | −0.11 | −0.12 |
| African Americans | −0.17 | −0.16 | −0.14 | −0.01 | 0.14 |
| Asians | −0.30 | −0.22 | −0.50* | −0.44 | −0.52* |
| Other races | −0.11 | 0.12 | 0.42* | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Latinos × Recession | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.36* | 0.18 | 0.24 |
| African Americans × Recession | 0.21 | 0.12 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.30* |
| Asians × Recession | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.34 |
| Other Races × Recession | 0.13 | −0.45 | −0.76* | −0.23 | −0.34 |
| Inpatient expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | −0.28** | −0.08 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | −0.34* | −0.15 | −0.14* | −0.07 | −0.09 |
| African Americans | −0.36* | −0.17* | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.23* |
| Asians | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.12 | 0.23 | −0.12 |
| Other races | −0.90 | 0.10 | −0.12 | −0.01 | −0.17 |
| Latinos × Recession | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
| African Americans × Recession | 0.13 | 0.09 | −0.02 | −0.06 | −0.17 |
| Asians × Recession | 0.24 | 0.11 | −0.06 | −0.23 | −0.07 |
| Other Races × Recession | 0.66 | −0.33 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.42 |
| ED visits expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | −0.05 | 0.12* | 0.23*** | 0.28*** | 0.28*** |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | −0.11 | 0.07 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.01 |
| African Americans | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Asians | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.16 | 0.19 |
| Other races | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
| Latinos × Recession | −0.03 | −0.08 | −0.15 | −0.03 | −0.22 |
| African Americans × Recession | −0.15 | −0.23* | −0.21** | −0.20 | −0.18 |
| Asians × Recession | −0.36 | −0.43 | −0.15 | −0.55* | −0.86*** |
| Other Races × Recession | −0.18 | −0.24 | −0.32 | −0.25 | −0.35 |
| Other services expenditures | |||||
| Before recession (2005–2006) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recession (2008–2009) | −0.59*** | −0.19*** | −0.07*** | −0.05 | −0.02 |
| Whites | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Latinos | −0.62*** | −0.25 | −0.14* | −0.23*** | −0.33*** |
| African Americans | −0.78*** | −0.81*** | −0.18*** | −0.14*** | −0.08 |
| Asians | −0.59 | −0.33 | −0.12 | −0.03 | 0.00 |
| Other races | −0.58 | −0.43 | −0.06 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| Latinos × Recession | 0.02 | −0.62* | −0.12 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| African Americans × Recession | 0.28 | −0.23 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.06 |
| Asians × Recession | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.11 | −0.13 | −0.25* |
| Other Races × Recession | 0.24 | 0.26 | −0.08 | −0.22 | −0.13 |
Note.All the other covariates were controlled for all percentiles.
***
p < .001;
**
p < .01;
*
p < .05.