Table 4. Effect of female availability treatment on sperm quality traits in the guppy.

	Multivariate			Univariate
Source	Df	Pillai	P	Sperm trait	Estimate	df	SS	F	P	Effect size
Treatment	1, 5, 59	0.051	0.680	Viability	–0.015 (–0.110, 0.080)	1	0.0001	0.003	0.960	–0.08 (–0.58, 0.42)
				Velocity	4.479 (–2.631, 11.59)	1	321.5	1.546	0.218	0.32 (–0.18, 0.82)
				Sperm head	0.017 (–0.029, 0.062)	1	0.005	0.641	0.427	0.18 (–0.31, 0.68)
				Sperm midpiece	–0.176 (–0.642, 0.291)	1	0.273	0.304	0.583	–0.19 (–0.69, 0.31)
				Sperm flagellum	0.367 (–0.243, 0.977)	1	1.504	0.983	0.325	0.30 (–0.20, 0.80)
Male size	1, 5, 59	0.184	0.031	Viability	0.066 (0.010, 0.122)	1	0.294	7.886	0.007	0.59 (0.09, 1.10)
				Velocity	1.661 (–2.540, 5.862)	1	94.20	0.453	0.503	0.20 (–0.30, 0.70)
				Sperm head	0.006 (–0.021, 0.033)	1	0.002	0.267	0.607	0.11 (–0.39, 0.61)
				Sperm midpiece	0.164 (–0.112, 0.440)	1	1.889	2.107	0.152	0.30 (–0.20, 0.80)
				Sperm flagellum	0.051 (–0.309, 0.412)	1	0.029	0.019	0.891	0.07 (–0.42, 0.57)
Iridescence	1, 5, 59	0.103	0.254	Viability	0.693 (–0.014, 1.401)	1	0.143	3.836	0.055	0.50 (–0.01, 1.00)
				Velocity	–17.015 (–69.84, 35.81)	1	86.10	0.414	0.522	–0.16 (–0.66, 0.33)
				Sperm head	0.057 (–0.280, 0.393)	1	0.0001	0.113	0.738	0.09 (–0.41, 0.58)
				Sperm midpiece	1.976 (–1.493, 5.445)	1	1.162	1.296	0.259	0.29 (–0.21, 0.79)
				Sperm flagellum	–4.674 (–9.204, –0.144)	1	6.500	4.251	0.043	–0.52 (–1.03, –0.02)
Residual				Viability		63	2.348
				Velocity		63	1310
				Sperm head		63	0.531
				Sperm midpiece		63	56.48
				Sperm flagellum		63	96.33

Multivariate and univariate results are presented. Parameter estimates and effect sizes [59] are presented with 95% confidence intervals. Parameter estimates are relative to the high female availability (HFA) treatment level.