Table 3. Cox proportional hazard models of the association between self-reported mental health (GHQ-12 score) and adverse outcomes of Scottish adults (n = 19 625).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| All-cause death | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 1.33 (1.20, 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.13, 1.39) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) | 0.273 |
| ≥4 | 1.75 (1.57, 1.96) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.23, 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | 0.968 |
| Cancer registration | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.515 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.509 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.883 |
| ≥4 | 1.09 (0.95, 1.24) | 0.210 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.468 | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.724 |
| Coronary heart disease hospitalisation/death | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 1.20 (1.02, 1.42) | 0.027 | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) | 0.055 | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 0.571 |
| ≥4 | 1.57 (1.32, 1.88) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.13, 1.63) | 0.001 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 0.732 |
| Psychiatric hospitalisation | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–3 | 1.88 (1.42, 2.49) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.33, 2.33) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.21, 2.14) | 0.001 |
| ≥4 | 3.02 (2.28, 4.00) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.81, 3.21) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.48, 2.75) | <0.001 |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval
Model 1 adjusted for age; Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, social class, SIMD quintile, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes and survey year; Model 3 adjusted for same covariates as Model 2 plus self-rated general health.