Tax posttranslational modifications in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture medium from HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. (A) Representative western blot for Tax identification (using antibodies against Tax, Covalab diluted 1:1,000) and ubiquitin modification in PBMC culture medium of HAM/TSP patients (lanes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8), asymptomatic carriers (lanes 3 and 6), and healthy noninfected control (lane 7) determined by western blot. (B) Tax immunoprecipitation (IP) from PBMC culture medium (CM) and identification of Tax (using antibodies against Tax, NIH diluted 1:1,000), ubiquitin (diluted 1:1,000), SUMO-1 (diluted 1:1,000), and SUMO-2/3 (diluted 1:1,000) by western blot.