Figure 5.

SS peptides promote mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis. (A) Electron flux was measured as oxygen consumption in frozen mitochondria, where SS-31 dose dependently increased oxygen consumption. (B) SS-31 dose dependently increases O₂ consumption during state 3 respiration in the presence of complex I substrates (glutamate/malate). (C) SS-31 dose dependently increases oxygen consumption during state 3 respiration in the presence of complex II substrate (succinate). (D) SS-31 promotes oxygen consumption after direct reduction of cyt c by TMPD/ascorbate. (E) SS-31 dose dependently promotes ATP synthesis during state 3 respiration in the presence of succinate. (F) SS-31 dose dependently increases P/O ratio during state 3 respiration in the presence of complex II substrate (succinate). Data are shown as means ± SEM, n = 5–10. * P< 0.05, ** P< 0.01, *** P<0,001, significantly different from control; one-way anova with Dunnett's multiple comparison test (A, B, C, E) or Student's t-test (D).