Table 3.
Adjusted geometric means (pmol/mg creatinine) of urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels by average frequency of non-aspirin NSAID use in 1997 and 1999: Nurses' Health Study II (n = 603)
| Non-aspirin NSAID | p for differencea | p for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of use (tablet/week) | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2–3 | 4+ | |||
| N | 277 | 181 | 105 | 40 | ||
| Total estrogens and estrogen metabolites | 202 | 199 | 196 | 199 | 0.87 | 0.78 |
| Parent estrogens | 41 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 0.87 | 0.42 |
| Estrone | 28 | 28 | 26 | 27 | 0.68 | 0.99 |
| Estradiol | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 0.87 | 0.47 |
| Catechols | 60 | 60 | 67 | 59 | 0.88 | 0.27 |
| 2-Catechols | 52 | 53 | 59 | 52 | 0.95 | 0.24 |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone | 46 | 47 | 53 | 46 | 0.98 | 0.25 |
| 2-Hydroxyestradiol | 5.1 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 0.79 | 0.18 |
| 4-Catechols | ||||||
| 4-Hydroxyestrone | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0.93 | 0.50 |
| Methylated catechols | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 0.40 | 0.99 |
| Methylated 2-catechols | 10.0 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 0.40 | 0.98 |
| 2-Methoxyestrone | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 0.26 | 0.60 |
| 2-Methoxyestradiol | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.92 |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.84 | 0.28 |
| Methylated 4-catechols | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.31 |
| 4-Methoxyestrone | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.14 |
| 4-Methoxyestradiol | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.34 |
| 2-Hydroxylation pathway | 63 | 64 | 72 | 61 | 0.83 | 0.24 |
| 4-Hydroxylation pathway | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 0.85 | 0.50 |
| 16-Hydroxylation pathway | 71 | 70 | 64 | 78 | 0.37 | 0.43 |
| 16α-Hydroxyestrone | 13 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 0.99 | 0.89 |
| Estriol | 31 | 31 | 27 | 32 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
| 17-Epiestriol | 1.52 | 1.66 | 1.55 | 2.48 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| 16-Ketoestradiol | 15 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 0.17 | 0.36 |
| 16-Epiestriol | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 0.18 | 0.08 |
| Ratios of metabolic pathways | ||||||
| 4-Catechols/2-catechols | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.80 | 0.82 |
| 2-Catechols/16-pathway | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.79 |
| Catechols/16-pathway | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.46 | 0.94 |
| 4-Pathway/2-pathway | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.86 | 0.81 |
| 2-Pathway/16-pathway | 0.90 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 0.79 | 0.42 | 0.98 |
| 4-Pathway/16-pathway | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.88 |
| 2,4-Pathway/16-pathway | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.38 | 0.96 |
| 2-Pathway/4,16-pathway | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.92 |
| 2-Catechols/methylated 2-catechols | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 0.35 | 0.14 |
| 4-Catechols/methylated 4-catechols | 26 | 24 | 23 | 25 | 0.84 | 0.82 |
| Catechols/methylated catechols | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 0.43 | 0.19 |
| Parent estrogens/estrogen metabolites | 1.53 | 1.49 | 1.60 | 1.51 | 0.88 | 0.60 |
| 2-Pathway/parent estrogens | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.96 | 0.88 |
| 4-Pathway/parent estrogens | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.29 | 0.64 |
| 16-Pathway/parent estrogens | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.24 |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 0.93 | 0.40 |
Adjusted for age (continuous), laboratory batch, luteal day, first morning urine, BMI (continuous), alcohol consumption, physical activity (continuous), menstrual cycle length, cycle pattern, age at first birth/parity, height, anovulatory cycle, current smoking, and average frequency of other analgesic use
a P for difference between 4+ tablets per week and 0 tablets per week