Table 4.
Adjusted geometric means (pmol/mg creatinine) of urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels by average frequency of acetaminophen use in 1997 and 1999: Nurses' Health Study II (n = 603)
| Acetaminophen | p for differencea | p for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of use (tablet/week) | |||||
| 0 | 1 | 2+ | |||
| N | 429 | 122 | 52 | ||
| Total estrogens and estrogen metabolites | 198 | 191 | 236 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Parent estrogens | 41 | 39 | 45 | 0.37 | 0.49 |
| Estrone | 28 | 26 | 30 | 0.37 | 0.58 |
| Estradiol | 14 | 13 | 14 | 0.54 | 0.45 |
| Catechols | 61 | 57 | 69 | 0.33 | 0.85 |
| 2-Catechols | 54 | 50 | 62 | 0.25 | 0.69 |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone | 48 | 44 | 56 | 0.21 | 0.64 |
| 2-Hydroxyestradiol | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 0.40 | 0.79 |
| 4-Catechols | |||||
| 4-Hydroxyestrone | 5.8 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 0.44 | 0.24 |
| Methylated catechols | 9.9 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 0.19 | 0.44 |
| Methylated 2-catechols | 9.5 | 9.9 | 11.1 | 0.17 | 0.43 |
| 2-Methoxyestrone | 7.4 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 0.43 | 0.72 |
| 2-Methoxyestradiol | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.95 | 0.43 |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
| Methylated 4-catechols | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.60 | 0.32 |
| 4-Methoxyestrone | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 0.31 |
| 4-Methoxyestradiol | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.27 |
| 2-Hydroxylation pathway | 65 | 61 | 75 | 0.20 | 0.61 |
| 4-Hydroxylation pathway | 6.2 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 0.37 | 0.17 |
| 16-Hydroxylation pathway | 70 | 66 | 81 | 0.12 | 0.19 |
| 16α-Hydroxyestrone | 12 | 11 | 17 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Estriol | 30 | 31 | 31 | 0.77 | 0.61 |
| 17-Epiestriol | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.99 | 0.65 |
| 16-Ketoestradiol | 14 | 14 | 16 | 0.29 | 0.29 |
| 16-Epiestriol | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 0.83 | 0.81 |
| Ratios of metabolic pathways | |||||
| 4-Catechols/2-catechols | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| 2-Catechols/16-pathway | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.94 | 0.61 |
| Catechols/16-pathway | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.59 | 0.38 |
| 4-Pathway/2-pathway | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 2-Pathway/16-pathway | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.52 |
| 4-Pathway/16-pathway | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
| 2,4-Pathway/16-pathway | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.64 | 0.43 |
| 2-Pathway/4,16-pathway | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.72 |
| 2-Catechols/methylated 2-catechols | 5.5 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 0.43 | 0.62 |
| 4-Catechols/methylated 4-catechols | 28 | 18 | 24 | 0.54 | 0.15 |
| Catechols/methylated catechols | 6.0 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 0.55 | 0.82 |
| Parent estrogens/estrogen metabolites | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.73 | 0.84 |
| 2-Pathway/parent estrogens | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.05 |
| 4-Pathway/parent estrogens | 1.66 | 1.69 | 1.79 | 0.41 | 0.45 |
| 16-Pathway/parent estrogens | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.56 |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
Adjusted for age (continuous), laboratory batch, luteal day, first morning urine, BMI (continuous), alcohol consumption, physical activity (continuous), menstrual cycle length, cycle pattern, age at first birth/parity, height, anovulatory cycle, current smoking, and average frequency of other analgesic use
a P for difference between 2+ tablets per week and 0 tablets per week