Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects.
| Variable | Entire sample | Subjects without CAN | Subjects with CAN | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic information | ||||
| N | 2096 | 1705 | 387 | |
| Age (years) | 60.42 ± 8.68 | 59.85 ± 8.64 | 62.94 ± 8.43 | <0.001 |
| Gender male, (%) | 705 (33.7%) | 562 (32.96%) | 143 (36.95%) | 0.134 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.21 ± 3.37 | 24.07 ± 3.28 | 24.84 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 85.07 ± 9.77 | 84.47 ± 9.62 | 87.72 ± 9.99 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.62 ± 18.77 | 126.39 ± 18.22 | 133.05 ± 20.19 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.83 ± 9.74 | 79.5 ± 9.65 | 81.31 ± 10.01 | 0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Smoking yes, (%) | 306 (14.63%) | 244 (14.31%) | 62 (16.02%) | 0.390 |
| MetS yes, (%) | 833 (39.82%) | 629 (36.89%) | 204 (52.71%) | <0.001 |
| HT yes, (%) | 976 (46.65%) | 735 (43.11%) | 241 (62.27%) | <0.001 |
| DM yes, (%) | 446 (21.33%) | 307 (18.02%) | 139 (35.92%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory measurement | ||||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.53 ± 1.82 | 5.40 ± 1.58 | 6.12 ± 2.54 | <0.001 |
| PBG (mmol/L) | 7.67 ± 3.63 | 7.36 ± 3.3 | 9.07 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| HbAlc (%) | 6 ± 1.08 | 5.89 ± 0.92 | 6.47 ± 1.54 | <0.001 |
| FINS (μml/L) | 7.19 ± 11.86 | 6.74 ± 8.03 | 9.18 ± 21.71 | <0.001 |
| IR (mmol/L) | 1.81 ± 3.31 | 1.64 ± 2.13 | 2.54 ± 6.22 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.32 ± 1 | 5.31 ± 0.98 | 5.39 ± 1.05 | 0.142 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.71 ± 0.98 | 1.67 ± 0.93 | 1.9 ± 1.17 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.36 ± 0.32 | 1.36 ± 0.33 | 1.34 ± 0.32 | 0.203 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.19 ± 0.77 | 3.18 ± 0.76 | 3.23 ± 0.81 | 0.229 |
| SCr (μmol/L) | 77.81 ± 26.11 | 77.65 ± 26.96 | 78.51 ± 21.98 | 0.561 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 281.21 ± 84.01 | 280.13 ± 83.47 | 285.99 ± 86.26 | 0.216 |
| HRV indices | ||||
| HR (bpm) | 72.42 ± 10.13 | 70.77 ± 9.08 | 79.7 ± 11.26 | <0.001 |
| TP (ms2) | 873.95 ± 702.47 | 1000.63 ± 693.2 | 315.87 ± 410.75 | <0.001 |
| LF (ms2) | 190.98 ± 207.88 | 224.34 ± 215.08 | 43.97 ± 57.29 | <0.001 |
| HF (ms2) | 183.05 ± 219.43 | 215.11 ± 229.61 | 41.82 ± 59.63 | <0.001 |
| LF/HF | 1.70 ± 1.98 | 1.55 ± 1.48 | 2.37 ± 3.32 | <0.001 |
Note: *presents the difference between subjects with and without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PBG: plasma blood glucose; FINS: fasting blood insulin; IR: insulin resistance; TC: serum total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SCr: serum creatinine; HR: heart rate; TP: total power of variance; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; MetS: metabolic syndrome; DM: diabetes; HT: hypertension.