Table 2.
Clinical factors for patients and caregivers by caregiver relationship to the patient
| Adult-child caregiver (n = 405) | Spousal caregiver (n = 985) | Group differencea |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| difference | p value | |||
| Patient factors | ||||
| ADCS-ADL | ||||
| Total ADL score | 46.5±19.6 | 46.4±19.5 | 1.48 | 0.11 |
| Basic ADL score | 16.9±5.6 | 17.4±5.1 | –0.27 | 0.29 |
| Instrumental ADL score | 29.5±14.8 | 28.9±15.4 | 1.70 | 0.018 |
| ADCS-ADL subdomain | ||||
| Household activities | 16.8±8.9 | 14.9±8.8 | 2.48 | <0.001 |
| Basic activities | 15.0±4.6 | 15.9±4.2 | –0.72 | <0.001 |
| Communication | 8.3±4.9 | 9.3±5.6 | –0.52 | 0.06 |
| Outdoor activities | 5.9±3.3 | 6.7±8.3 | –0.70 | 0.10 |
| MMSE severityb | 17.0±6.0 | 17.6±6.5 | –0.59 | 0.12 |
| ADAS-cog (1–11)c | 23.5±8.1 | 22.3±7.9 | 0.64 | 0.20 |
| NPI total score | 17.5±17.4 | 14.0±14.3 | 2.91 | <0.001 |
| NPI subdomain | ||||
| Psychosis | 3.1±5.6 | 2.2±4.3 | 0.82 | 0.003 |
| Affective | 3.5±4.6 | 2.7±3.8 | 0.75 | 0.002 |
| Apathy | 5.5±5.5 | 4.5±5.0 | 0.86 | 0.004 |
| Hyperactivity | 5.3±7.5 | 4.6±6.7 | 0.49 | 0.22 |
| EQ-5D (by proxy) | ||||
| Index score | 0.56±0.32 | 0.65±0.28 | –0.08 | <0.001 |
| VAS | 60.1±21.1 | 64.2±20.0 | –3.5 | 0.003 |
| Caregiver factors | ||||
| ZBI total score | 31.8±15.2 | 28.1±15.1 | 2.98 | <0.001 |
| NPI distress score | 9.9±9.2 | 8.5±8.0 | 1.15 | 0.016 |
| Time spent caring, h/month | ||||
| Basic ADL time | 35.3±77.4 | 44.4±78.0 | –10.67 | 0.012 |
| Instrumental ADL time | 59.1±77.8 | 87.9±88.0 | –30.16 | <0.001 |
| Supervision time | 70.7±140.5 | 116.2±179.5 | –53.12 | <0.001 |
| Overall caregiver time | 138.1±171.3 | 211.4±195.3 | –82.3 | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D | ||||
| Index score | 0.85±0.20 | 0.79±0.22 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
| VAS | 78.8±17.4 | 73.3±17.1 | 5.94 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as means ± SD. p values in bold are significant. ADAS-cog = Cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale; VAS = visual analog scale. Reduced functioning is indicated by lower scores for MMSE and ADCS-ADL and higher scores for ADAS-cog; increased impairment is indicated by higher scores for NPI; reduced quality of life is indicated by lower scores for EQ-5D; greater caregiver burden is indicated by higher ZBI scores.
Least square mean differences and p values from the type III sum of squares of the GLM, which included the factors caregiver-patient relationship, MMSE severity and country.
Model includes only the factors caregiver-patient relationship and country.
For mild and moderate MMSE severity groups only.