Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of anthropometric exposures for cIMTa at 60-64 years in the upper quartile versus lower three quartiles in males: estimates from logistic regression models stratified by exposure and confounder or mediator.
| Unadjusted for confounder or mediator | Adjusted for confounder or mediator | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Confounder or mediatorb | Nc | Exposure OR (95% CI) P-value | Exposure OR (95% CI) P-value |
| Zbmi4yrd (1 SD ~ 1.7 kg/m2) | Father’s education (when participant 4 years) | 116/367 | 1.289 (1.045, 1.590) 0.02 | 1.244 (1.007, 1.537) 0.04 |
| Zbmi60-64yrd | 126/397 | 1.253 (1.027, 1.534) 0.03 | 1.218 (0.992, 1.495) 0.06 | |
| SBP Z-score at 60-64yre | 126/401 | 1.259 (1.028, 1.541) 0.03 | 1.227 (1.000, 1.506) 0.05 | |
| Pulse pressure Z-score at 60-64yre | 126/401 | 1.259 (1.028, 1.541) 0.03 | 1.223 (0.995, 1.503) 0.06 | |
| HbA1c Z-score at 60-64yre | 122/377 | 1.268 (1.032, 1.558) 0.02 | 1.248 (1.013, 1.536) 0.04 | |
|
| ||||
| Zbmi20yrd (1 SD ~ 2.3 kg/m2) | Father’s education (when participant 4 years) | 108/334 | 1.254 (0.991, 1.589) 0.06 | 1.223 (0.964, 1.551) 0.1 |
| Energy Z-score at 4yre | 111/351 | 1.293 (1.030, 1.624) 0.03 | 1.271 (1.009, 1.600) 0.04 | |
| Zbmi60-64yrd | 113/368 | 1.278 (1.017, 1.606) 0.04 | 1.105 (0.861, 1.417) 0.4 | |
|
| ||||
| Zht4yrd (1 SD ~ 4.9 cm) | Father’s occupation class (when participant 4 years) | 126/401 | 0.782 (0.632, 0.966) 0.02 | 0.820 (0.659, 1.019) 0.07 |
| Father’s education (when participant 4 years) | 117/369 | 0.787 (0.632, 0.981) 0.03 | 0.829 (0.662, 1.037) 0.1 | |
| Mother’s education (when participant 4 years) | 117/373 | 0.792 (0.636, 0.986) 0.04 | 0.814 (0.651, 1.018) 0.07 | |
| Household crowding (when participant 4 years) | 127/406 | 0.780 (0.631, 0.964) 0.02 | 0.804 (0.649, 0.997) 0.05 | |
| Energy Z-score at 4yre | 126/402 | 0.789 (0.638, 0.975) 0.03 | 0.808 (0.653, 1.000) 0.05 | |
| Zbmi60-64yrd | 127/400 | 0.772 (0.625, 0.954) 0.02 | 0.790 (0.638, 0.979) 0.03 | |
| Zht60-64yrd | 127/400 | 0.772 (0.625, 0.954) 0.02 | 0.706 (0.540, 0.923) 0.01 | |
| Leg length Z-score at 60-64yre | 127/397 | 0.770 (0.624, 0.951) 0.02 | 0.795 (0.625, 1.010) 0.06 | |
| SBP Z-score at 60-64yre | 127/404 | 0.777 (0.629, 0.960) 0.02 | 0.794 (0.639, 0.986) 0.04 | |
| Pulse pressure Z-score at 60-64yre | 127/404 | 0.777 (0.629, 0.960) 0.02 | 0.806 (0.648, 1.003) 0.04 | |
|
| ||||
| ZCHANGEht2-4yrd,f (1 SD ~ 4.1 cm) | Father’s occupation class (when participant 4 years) | 113/350 | 0.689 (0.526, 0.903) 0.007 | 0.724 (0.551, 0.952) 0.02 |
| Father’s education (when participant 4 years) | 106/325 | 0.693 (0.525, 0.914) 0.01 | 0.718 (0.543, 0.949) 0.02 | |
| Mother’s education (when participant 4 years) | 106/328 | 0.698 (0.530, 0.921) 0.01 | 0.716 (0.542, 0.946) 0.02 | |
| Household crowding (when participant 4 years) | 114/353 | 0.699 (0.535, 0.914) 0.009 | 0.719 (0.548, 0.942) 0.02 | |
| Energy Z-score at 4yre | 113/350 | 0.709 (0.542, 0.928) 0.01 | 0.724 (0.552, 0.948) 0.02 | |
| Zbmi6o-64yrd | 114/347 | 0.685 (0.524, 0.896) 0.006 | 0.701 (0.535, 0.919) 0.01 | |
| Zht60-64yrd | 114/347 | 0.685 (0.524, 0.896) 0.006 | 0.670 (0.498, 0.904) 0.009 | |
| Leg length Z-score at 60-64yre | 114/344 | 0.684 (0.523, 0.895) 0.006 | 0.726 (0.546, 0.964) 0.03 | |
| SBP Z-score at 60-64yre | 114/351 | 0.695 (0.532, 0.909) 0.008 | 0.714 (0.542, 0.940) 0.02 | |
| Pulse pressure Z-score at 60-64yre | 114/351 | 0.695 (0.532, 0.967) 0.008 | 0.723 (0.548, 0.954) 0.02 | |
| Glucose Z-score at 60-64yre | 111/335 | 0.698 (0.533, 0.915) 0.009 | 0.716 (0.544, 0.941) 0.02 | |
cIMT carotid intima-media thickness; BMI body mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure, HbAlc glycosylated haemoglobin; OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval
cIMT was taken as the average of six repeat measurements (three on the left hand side of the body and three on the right hand side of the body) at the lateral view of the common carotid artery. Sex-stratified centiles were used to create the two groups (i.e., upper quartile and lower three quartiles).
Potential confounders (not on the causal pathway) and mediators (on the causal pathway) were selected as those variables associated with both the outcome and anthropometric exposure at p-value < 0.1.
N in upper quartile / N in lower three quartiles (of carotid intima-media thickness).
Z-scores were created internally using the LMS method, stratified by sex and age (0-5, 6-15, 20-64 years).
Calculated as internal Z-scores (i.e., measurement – mean / SD).
Z-score change variables were created as the residuals from sex-stratified general linear regressions of Z-score at time T+1 on Z-score at time T (and a Z-score at time T squared term); when incorporated into a model (with the variable they are conditional on) they can be interpreted as change over the age period, accounting for regression to the mean.