Table 1.
miRNAs regulated by TLRs.
| miRNA | TLRs | Signalling molecules | Transcription factors/cofactors | Cell types | Stimulus | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upregulated | ||||||
| miR-146a | TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 |
MyD88 | NF-κB (P65) | THP1 cells, BMDMs, T cells, neural cells, MΦ, DCs, epithelial cells, PMN | LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, LMP1, H2O2, VSV, RIG-I | [19–35] |
| miR-155 | TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9 |
MyD88, TRIF, KSRP | AP-1 (Fos/Jun), NF-κB (P65/P50) |
BMDMs, THP1 cells, DCs, monocytes, MΦ, Treg cells | LPS, LMP1, TNF-α, KSHV, H. pylori, IFN-β, oxidized LDL, alcohol | [19, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36–48] |
| miR-132 | TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 | ND | cREB | THP1 cells, splenocytes, MΦ, monocytes, BMDMs, | KSHV | [19, 49–51] |
| miR-223 | TLR4 | ND | ND | Inflamed lung tissue, DCs | ND | [19, 38, 52–56] |
| miR-147 | TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 | MyD88, TRIF | NF-κB, IRF3 | BMDMs, RAW264.7 cells, THP1 cells, alveolar MΦ | ND | [57] |
| miR-9 | TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 |
MyD88 | NF-κB | Monocytes, granulocytes, MΦ, PMN, biliary epithelial cells | LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β | [10, 58] |
| miR-27b | TLR4 | ND | NF-κB (P65) | MΦ | LPS, C. parvum | [59–61] |
| let-7e | TLR4 | AKT1 | NF-κB | Peritoneal MΦ | ND | [62] |
| miR-21 | TLR4 | MyD88, TRIF | NF-κB (P65/P50) AP-1 (Fos/Jun) |
RAW264.7 cells, BMDMs, B cells, PBMCs, H69 cholangiocytes, biliary epithelial cells, gastric and breast cancer cell line, promyelocytic leukemia cell line | LPS, LMP1, nicotine, C. parvum, PMA; ectopic expression of HER2/neu |
[23, 52, 60, 61, 63–68] |
| miR-125b | TLR4 | ND | ND | Biliary epithelial cells, LPS-tolerized THP1 cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, H69 cholangiocytes | LPS, C. parvum | [61, 69] |
| miR-16 | ND | ND | NF-κB (P65/P50) | Gastric cancer cells | Nicotine | [10, 64] |
| miR-23b | ND | ND | NF-κB (P65) | Biliary epithelial cells | LPS, C. parvum | [10, 60, 61] |
| miR-30b | ND | ND | NF-κB (P65) | Biliary epithelial cells | LPS, C. parvum | [10, 60, 61] |
| miR-301a | ND | ND | NF-κB (P65/P50) | Pancreatic cancer cells | TNF-α | [10, 70] |
| miR-212 | ND | ND | KSHV, EtOH | [50] | ||
| miR-146b | ND | ND | AP-1 (Fos) | Glioblastoma cells, ovarian cancer cells | Platelet-derived growth factor | [71] |
| Downregulated | ||||||
| let-7i | TLR4 | ND | NF-κB, C/EBPβ | H69 cholangiocytes | LPS, C. parvum | [72–75] |
| miR-98 | TLR4 | ND | H69 cholangiocytes | C. parvum | [75] | |
| miR-125b | TLR4 | AKT1 | NF-κB | Splenocytes, BMDMs, DCs, RAW264.7 cells, macrophages | ND | [38, 40, 62] |
| miR-29b | ND | ND | NF-κB (P65), YY1, SP1, HDAC3, HDAC1 |
Myoblast cell, acute myeloid leukemia cells | TNF-α | [76, 77] |
MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; PMN: polymorphonuclear neutrophil; LMP1: latent membrane protein 1; RIG-I: retinoic acid-inducible gene-I; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β (also known as TICAM1, the TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1); KSRP: KH-type splicing regulatory protein; JNK: JUN N-terminal kinase; C/EBPβ: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β; KSHV: Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Treg cell: regulatory T cell; C. parvum: Cryptosporidium parvum; YY1: Yin Yang 1; SP1: specificity protein 1; HDAC3: histone deacetylase 3; HDAC1: histone deacetylase 1; ND: not determined.