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Molecular pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy-associated cardiomyopathy. Shown is a flowchart of major pathophysiological and pathobiochemical changes that render the dystrophin-deficient heart more susceptible to fibre degeneration and fibrosis, which eventually triggers chronic heart disease in dystrophinopathy. Key changes in the physiological regulation of the dystrophic heart are associated with abnormal calcium handling and hypersensitive excitation-contraction (EC) coupling.
