Table 3.

Naturally occurring compounds that inhibit p38 signaling in macrophages.

Compound	Action target of p38	Reference
Sugiol	Inhibition of IL-1β, TNF-α, and ROS production	[151]
Quercetin	Inhibition of NO and TNF-α	[114]
Ajoenes	Inhibition of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production	[116]
Ginsan	Enhanced phagocytic activity; downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-18	[152]
4-Methoxyhonokiol	Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression; inhibition of dye leakage and paw swelling	[153]
Schisandrin	Suppression of NO production and PGE2 release	[154]
Rengyolone	Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression	[155]
Pseudocoptisine	Inhibition of proinflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6	[156]
Mycoepoxydiene	Inhibition of LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO	[157]
Britanin	Suppression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6	[158]
Hyperin	Inhibition of NO production through suppression of iNOS expression	[159]
Carnosol	Inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production; antioxidative activity	[160]