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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatr Serv. 2013 Oct;64(10):1026–1034. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200507

Table 1.

Characteristics of 698 participants in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms, by number of medications prescribed at baseline

Characteristic N of medications
 Test statistica df p
None (N=262)
 One (N=235)
 Two (N=131)
 Three or more (N=70)
N % N % N % N %
Demographic
    Age (mean±SD) 9.4±2.0 9.3±1.9 9.4±1.9 9.7±2.0 F=.63 3,694 .598
    Male 162 62b 169 72 88 67 55 79b χ2=10.57 3 .014
    White 134 51b 153 65 106 81b 58 83b χ2=47.20 3 <.001
    Hispanic 8 3 12 5 5 4 6 9 χ2=3.59, 3 .309
Health insurance and family history
    Medicaid 176 67b 132 56 64 49b 54 χ2=14.40 3 .002
    Maternal history of mental health issues (M±SD issues) 3.1±3.2b 2.4±2.4b 2.0±2.2b 2.9±3.1 F=5.94 3,694 .001
    Paternal history of mental health issues (M±SD issues) 2.4±2.5b 2.1±2.0 1.7±1.9b 2.0±2.0 F=3.08 3,694 .027
Severity
    Ever in special education 60 23b 63 27 45 34 35 50b χ2=21.41 3 <.001
    Ever psychiatrically hospitalized 13 5b 12 5b 21 16b 17 24b χ2=37.35 3 <.001
    Current diagnoses (M±SD) 2.4±1.3b 2.4±1.12b 2.6±1.3b 2.9±1.4b F=3.59 3,694 .014
    CGAS score (M±SD)c 55.2±10.6b 55.6±9.6b 54.4±10.7a 49.2±9.3b F=7.74 3,694 <.001
Current diagnosis
    Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 176 67b 190 81b 111 85b 56 80 χ2=20.47 3 <.001
    Bipolar disorders 42 16b 45 19 45 34b 27 39b χ2=26.42 3 <.001
    Depressive disorders 55 21 35 15 16 12 14 20 χ2=5.86 3 .119
    Disruptive behavior disorders 147 56 115 49 63 48 34 49 χ2=3.51 3 .320
    Anxiety disorders 94 36 61 26 45 34 20 29 χ2=5.93 3 .115
    Pervasive developmental disorder 8 3b 14 6 12 9 10 14b χ2=14.57 3 .002
    Elimination disorders 52 20 42 18 24 18 23 33b χ2=8.17 3 .043
    History of psychosis 10 4 16 7 14 11 8 11 χ2=9.04 3 .029
Currently prescribed medications
    Antipsychotic (N=156) 0 — 41 17 64 49 51 73
    Stimulant (N=272) 0 — 135 57 83 63 54 77
    Mood stabilizer (N=51) 0 — 6 3 18 14 27 39
    Antidepressant (N=83) 0 — 22 9 30 23 30 43
Mood symptoms at baseline (M±SD score)
    P-GBI-10Md 11.8±7.0b 12.5±7.0b 14.6±7.2b 14.2±7.7 F=5.47 3,694 .001
    YMRSe 15.3±8.7b 15.5±8.2b 19.4±10.2b 21.9±10.0b F=15.29 3,694 <.001
    CDRS-Rf 34.8±11.1b 33.3±9.9b 35.1±10.5b 38.9±12.0b F=5.13 3,694 .002
a

Test statistics compared all four medication groups (df=3 in numerator).

b

In each row, values marked with a superscript are significantly different from one another. Difference in group means based on Games-Howell post hoc analyses for analyses of variance (p<.05) or difference in cell count from expected value based on Pearson's adjusted standardized residual for chi square analyses

c

CGAS, Children's Global Assessment Scale. Possible scores range from 1 to 100, with higher scores indicating better functioning.

d

Parent-Completed General Behavior Inventory Mania Form. Possible scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating more manic and mixed symptoms.

e

Young Mania Rating Scale. Possible scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more manic symptoms.

f

Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised. Possible scores range from 17 to 113, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms.