(a) Electrostatic potential created by E1, E2, and the mediator (left panel) and the normalized concentration of intermediate (right panel) in the color maps. In the left panel, units are kBT/e, and pure blue and pure red represents 3.1 kBT/e and –1.7 kBT/e, respectively. In the right panel, pure red represents the maximum value in each case, and pure blue corresponds to zero. The red-dashed arrow lines indicate the flow lines perpendicular to the contours. (b) Reaction rate of the intermediate at E2 with and without a charged or uncharged mediator.