Table 2.
Multilevel models parameter estimates for ambient noise exposure and French scores (n pupils = 579*; n schools = 31)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables | β | 95 % CI | p | β | 95 % CI | p | β | 95 % CI | p | β | 95 % CI | p | β | 95 % CI | p |
| Intercept | 69.25 | 68.8 | 68.98 | 56.37 | 57.88 | ||||||||||
| Lden at home (for 1-dB increase) | −0.45 | −0.70 to −0.20 | <10−3 | −0.44 | −0.69 to −0.19 | <10−3 | −0.23 | −0.46 to 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.19 | −0.42 to 0.04 | 0.10 | |||
| LAeq,day at school (for 1-dB increase) | −0.63 | −1.22 to 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.58 | −1.15 to 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.56 | −0.99 to −0.13 | 0.01 | −0.48 | −0.87 to −0.08 | 0.02 | |||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||||
| Male | −3.43 | −5.48 to −1.38 | 0.00 | −3.01 | −5.02 to −1.00 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| ≤8 years old | Ref | ||||||||||||||
| >8 years old | −8.32 | −11.47 to −5.16 | <10−3 | ||||||||||||
| Missing value | 3.88 | −0.10 to 7.87 | |||||||||||||
| Reading is a leisure activity | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||||
| No | 2.90 | 0.74 to 5.06 | 0.01 | 3.17 | 1.06 to 5.28 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Main language spoken at home | |||||||||||||||
| French | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||||
| Other language | −5.30 | −9.44 to −1.16 | 0.01 | −3.06 | −7.17 to 1.05 | 0.15 | |||||||||
| Mother’s education | |||||||||||||||
| Elementary school | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||||
| Middle school | 5.88 | −1.28 to 13.03 | <10−3 | 5.14 | −1.84 to 12.12 | <10−3 | |||||||||
| High school | 9.63 | 2.59 to 16.67 | 7.68 | 0.78 to 14.58 | |||||||||||
| University | 14.59 | 7.53 to 21.65 | 12.04 | 5.11 to 18.98 | |||||||||||
| Missing value | 3.58 | −3.88 to 11.03 | 2.81 | −4.46 to 10.08 | |||||||||||
| Household socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||
| SES-1 | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||||
| SES-2 | 0.80 | −2.96 to 4.55 | 0.44 | 1.68 | −2.00 to 5.36 | 0.40 | |||||||||
| SES-3 | 2.15 | −1.87 to 6.17 | 3.06 | −0.87 to 6.99 | |||||||||||
| SES-4 | 2.41 | −1.50 to 6.32 | 3.25 | −0.57 to 7.08 | |||||||||||
| Missing value | −1.59 | −6.93 to 3.75 | 0.27 | −5.00 to 5.54 | |||||||||||
| Parents’ employment status | |||||||||||||||
| No full-time worker | Ref | Ref | |||||||||||||
| At least one full-time worker | 2.02 | −0.53 to 4.58 | 0.08 | 1.94 | −0.56 to 4.44 | 0.08 | |||||||||
| Missing value | −7.37 | −17.45 to 2.71 | −7.16 | −16.99 to 2.67 | |||||||||||
| Random parameters | |||||||||||||||
| Level 2: school | 53.07 | 16.17 | 48.84 | 15.11 | 46.42 | 14.46 | 22.94 | 8.02 | 18.69 | 6.82 | |||||
| Level 1: pupil | 169.90 | 10.26 | 173.15 | 10.46 | 169.85 | 10.26 | 142.84 | 8.63 | 135.98 | 8.21 | |||||
| Percentage of the explained variance | 3.1 | 3.6 | 6.0 | 28.0 | 32.8 | ||||||||||
*Due to missing values (reading is a leisure activity: n = 7; main language spoken at home: n = 3). β = the estimated change in the French score; CI = confidence interval; p = p value; SES-1 = working class or unemployed; SES-2 = non-managerial position/clerk; SES-3 = middle class job/mid-management position; SES-4 = senior management position/artisan, shopkeeper, and entrepreneur/corporate manager