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. 2014 Apr 1;5:121. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00121

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Copyright © 2014 Yoshinaga, Abe, Morita, Yoshida, Aboshi, Fukui, Tumlinson and Mori.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of FAC analog patterns in insects. 1, glutamine conjugates; 2, glutamic acid conjugates; 3, hydroxylated FACs. All FAC-containing species had glutamine conjugates (1) in common, and the evolutionarily earliest species in Lepidoptera had only this type of FACs, suggesting this might be the evolutionarily older FACs. ++: major components, +: components constantly detected, −: not detected. *: insect species used in this study.