Table 2.
Effect of pioglitazone on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, inflammation and insulin resistance a
|
Measurement |
Pioglitazone phase |
Placebo phase |
Pioglitazone treatment effect |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Baseline |
Week 8/week 20 |
Baseline |
Week 8/week 20 |
Effect |
P
-value |
| (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (95% CI) | ||
| DAS28-CRP |
4.40 |
4.03 |
4.57 |
4.48 |
−9.3% |
0.046 |
| (1.00) |
(1.15) |
(1.28) |
(1.20) |
(−17.6 to −0.17%) |
||
| DAS28-ESR |
4.56 |
4.37 |
4.85 |
4.57 |
0.6% |
0.92 |
| (1.39) |
(1.28) |
(1.56) |
(1.63) |
(−10.3 to 12.7%) |
||
| Swollen joints (n) |
6.6 |
6.46 |
8.2 |
7 |
0.3 |
0.77 |
| (3.7) |
(4.79) |
(5.6) |
(5.11) |
(−1.4 to 1.9) |
||
| Tender joints (n) |
9.6 |
8.54 |
11.5 |
10.35 |
−0.7 |
0.54 |
| (6.89) |
(7.28) |
(8.1) |
(8.23) |
(−2.9 to 1.5) |
||
| VAS (mm) |
44.9 |
42.04 |
48.0 |
49.46 |
−10.7 |
0.042 |
| (24.7) |
(28.39) |
(31.2) |
(23.62) |
(−20.9 to −0.4) |
||
| CRP (mg/dl) |
8.1 |
5.02 |
7.7 |
8.25 |
−48.6% |
<0.001 |
| (11.41) |
(7.64) |
(13.6) |
(10.32) |
(−63.5 to −27.6%) |
||
| ESR (mm/h) |
18.5 |
17 |
19.5 |
18.88 |
21.3% |
0.32 |
| (18.2) |
(17.06) |
(20) |
(20.80) |
(−16.9 to 77%) |
||
| IL-6 (pg/ml) |
5.41 |
2.38 |
8.67 |
6.47 |
−67.0% |
0.01 |
| (7.88) |
(4.05) |
(19.31) |
(14.40) |
(−84.6 to −28.2%) |
||
| TNF-α (pg/ml) |
9.90 |
9.50 |
13.40 |
9.71 |
6.0% |
0.71 |
| (10.64) |
(10.56) |
(19.41) |
(7.91) |
(−22.7 to 46.2%) |
||
| MHAQ (units) |
0.55 |
0.54 |
0.56 |
0.59 |
−4.3% |
0.51 |
| (0.37) |
(0.39) |
(0.35) |
(0.36) |
(−16.2 to 9.3%) |
||
| HOMA (units) |
2.83 |
2.44 |
2.38 |
3.11 |
−26.4% |
0.025 |
| (2.50) | (2.08) | (1.75) | (3.47) | (−43.8 to −3.7%) | ||
aData for each intervention phase (pioglitazone and placebo) at baseline and at week 8/week 20 are presented as mean (±SD). Pioglitazone treatment effect was calculated using linear mixed-effects models and is presented as change or percentage change (95% confidence interval). CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; DAS28-CRP, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin 6; MHAQ, modified Health Assessment Questionnaire; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale for Global Health.