Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of women in Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II and men in Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Values are means (standard deviations) or percentages unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Total whole fruit consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <4 servings/week | 4-6 servings/week | 1 serving/day | 2 servings/day | ≥3 servings/day | |
| Nurses’ Health Study*: | |||||
| No of participants | 6605 | 5748 | 12 170 | 20 706 | 20 876 |
| Age (years) | 48.0 (6.9) | 48.2 (6.9) | 49.2 (7.0) | 50.1 (7.1) | 51.3 (7.1) |
| Body mass index | 24.7 (4.9) | 24.9 (4.7) | 24.9 (4.7) | 24.9 (4.5) | 24.8 (4.5) |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 9.8 (15.9) | 11.9 (22.4) | 12.3 (17.1) | 13.9 (19.6) | 17.4 (23.3) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 9.2 (14.8) | 7.6 (12.2) | 7.7 (12.3) | 6.7 (10.4) | 6.0 (9.6) |
| Current smoker (%) | 44 | 33 | 28 | 21 | 16 |
| White (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 25 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | 28 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 42 |
| Ever menopausal hormone use (%) | 16 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1467 (495) | 1550 (495) | 1605 (485) | 1732 (483) | 1986 (522) |
| Fruit juice consumption (serving/day) | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.19) | 0.44 (0.38) | 0.70 (0.46) | 1.25 (0.95) |
| Modified alternate healthy eating index score | 44.3 (10.0) | 46.3 (9.9) | 47.4 (10.0) | 49.1 (10.0) | 51.4 (10.3) |
| Nurses’ Health Study II†: | |||||
| No of participants | 25 120 | 16 726 | 20 259 | 16 312 | 6687 |
| Age (years) | 35.9 (4.7) | 36.0 (4.7) | 36.1 (4.6) | 36.3 (4.6) | 36.4 (4.6) |
| Body mass index | 24.6 (5.6) | 24.6 (5.3) | 24.5 (5.0) | 24.5 (4.9) | 24.3 (5.0) |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 15.8 (23.0) | 18.7 (23.7) | 21.3 (25.6) | 25.7 (30.6) | 33.2 (39.6) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 3.6 (7.3) | 3.0 (5.8) | 3.0 (5.5) | 3.0 (5.4) | 2.8 (5.4) |
| Current smoker (%) | 18 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| White (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 94 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | 37 | 42 | 46 | 50 | 52 |
| Ever menopausal hormone use (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Current oral contraceptive use (%) | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1559 (504) | 1714 (502) | 1820 (504) | 1983 (516) | 2215 (551) |
| Fruit juice consumption (serving/day) | 0.45 (0.67) | 0.61 (0.70) | 0.70 (0.76) | 0.82 (0.84) | 1.02 (1.09) |
| Modified alternate health eating index score | 45.3 (10.3) | 48.0 (10.3) | 50.1 (10.3) | 52.4 (10.3) | 54.8 (10.3) |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study‡: | |||||
| No of participants | 3230 | 2808 | 6250 | 10 682 | 13 203 |
| Age (years) | 49.9 (8.3) | 50.4 (8.5) | 51.2 (8.9) | 52.5 (9.3) | 53.7 (9.6) |
| Body mass index | 25.1 (4.9) | 25.2 (4.9) | 25.0 (4.9) | 24.9 (4.7) | 24.8 (4.7) |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 14.3 (22.0) | 15.8 (22.5) | 18.2 (26.9) | 21.1 (29.4) | 26.2 (33.5) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 15.3 (19.7) | 12.9 (17.1) | 12.6 (16.4) | 11.5 (14.8) | 9.4 (13.3) |
| Current smoker (%) | 21 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 5 |
| White (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 |
| Multivitamin use (%) | 34 | 36 | 38 | 42 | 46 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1714 (559) | 1812 (594) | 1844 (568) | 1964 (580) | 2223 (624) |
| Fruit juice consumption (serving/day) | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.21 (0.18) | 0.46 (0.36) | 0.69 (0.43) | 1.28 (1.09) |
| Modified alternate health eating index score | 47.2 (10.9) | 49.3 (10.9) | 50.8 (10.8) | 53.2 (10.7) | 56.4 (10.7) |
MET=metabolic equivalent of task.
*Baseline was 1984.
†Baseline was 1991.
‡Baseline was1986.