Table 2.
Pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of type 2 diabetes for total whole fruit consumption in Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study II, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study
| Variables | Consumption levels | Linear trend* | P values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <4 servings/week | 5-6 servings/week | 1 serving/day | 2 servings/day | ≥3 servings/day | For trend | For heterogeneity | ||
| Nurses’ Health Study†: | 478/94 121 | 523/105 022 | 1141/237 302 | 2068/459 062 | 2148/498 620 | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratio‡ | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.06) | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.97) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.91) | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.92) | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.99) | ||
| Nurses’ Health Study II†: | 995/358 762 | 620/287 918 | 718/368 180 | 598/295 904 | 222/105 347 | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratio‡ | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.95) | 0.84 (0.76 to 0.94) | 0.88 (0.78 to 0.98) | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | ||
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study†: | 219/48 762 | 236/47 865 | 482/107 372 | 799/199 357 | 951/251 047 | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratio‡ | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.91 to 1.33) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.27) | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.17) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | ||
| Pooled resultsठ| 1.00 | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.99) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.87 (0.81 to 0.94) | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.96) | 0.98 (0.96 to 0.99) | 0.002 | 0.48 |
*Estimated based on every three servings/week increment.
†Cases/person years of observation.
‡Adjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, African-American, Hispanic, or Asian), body mass index (<23, 23.0-24.9, 25.0-26.9, 27.0-28.9, 29.0-30.9, 31.0-32.9, 33.0-34.9, 35.0-36.9, 37.0-38.9, 39.0-40.9, 41.0-42.9, 43.0-44.9, ≥45.0, or missing), smoking status (never, former, current (1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day), or missing), multivitamin use (yes or no), physical activity (<3, 3.0-8.9, 9.0-17.9, 18.0-26.9, ≥27.0 MET (metabolic equivalent of task) hours/week, or missing), family history of diabetes (yes or no), menopausal status and post-menopausal hormone use (premenopause, post-menopause (never, former, or current hormone use), or missing, for women), oral contraceptive use (yes, no, or missing, for Nurses’ Health Study II) total energy intake (kcal/day), fruit juice consumption (<1, 1, 2-4, 5-6, ≥7 servings/week) and the modified alternate healthy eating index score (fifths). Individual fruit consumption was mutually adjusted.
§Study estimates from three cohorts were pooled using a fixed effects model.