Table 1.
Disease | Microbes | Microbial pathways | Host pathways | Representative host genes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammatory bowel disease | Enterobacteriaceae, Roseburia, Ruminococcaceae |
Glutathione metabolism and transport, riboflavin metabolism, short-chain fatty acid metabolism |
Autophagy, Th17, T-cell responses and cytokines, JAK-STAT, NF-kB, microbial sensing |
ATG16L1, CARD9, DUOX2, IL10, IL23R, IRGM, FUT2, MHC, NCF4, NOD2 | [3,25,31,32,86,87,107,109] |
Type 1 diabetes |
Akkermansia, Bacteroidales, Lactobacillaceae |
Amino acid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, butyrate production, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, lactate production, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism |
Innate immune signaling, mucin, MyD88, Toll-like receptors |
CTLA4, IL2RA, IFIH1, INS, MYD88, MHC, PTPN22, TLR | [5,91,110-116] |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium coccoides, Eubacterium rectale, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, SFB |
- | CD40, IL-2, NF-kB activation, SAA or CCL5 signaling, T-cell activation and response |
CD40, CCL21, HLA-DRB1, IL2, IL17, IFNG, KIF5A, MHC, TLR2, TLR4, TNF, TNFAIP3, PRKCQ |
[38,117,118] |
Multiple sclerosis | Epstein-Barr virus, Mycobacteria |
Vitamin D metabolism | Vitamin D, CD4+ T cells |
DRB1, IL2, IL7, HLA, MHC | [56,57,119-121] |
Allergy, atopy | Aerobes, Bifidobacteria, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile |
- | IgE antibody regulation, vitamin D |
ADAM33, ADRB2, CD14TNF, IL10, IL4, IL13, IL4RA, IFNG, FLG, FCER1B, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, MHC | [17,18,45,46,122-128] |
SFV, segmented filamentous bacteria.