Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

Variable	Walkers (n ± 54)	Wheelchair users (n ± 95)
Demographics
Age (years) (mean ± SD)	62.6 ± 12.0	51.3 ± 12.5*
Years since injury (mean ± SD)	22.1 ± 13.2	21.1 ± 11.8
White, n (%)	47 (87.0 %)	87 (91.6 %)
Injury severity, n (%)
Motor complete SCI	2 (3.7 %)	74 (77.9 %)
Motor incomplete SCI	52 (96.3 %)	21 (22.1 %)
Body composition (kg) (mean ± SD)
Weight	88.53 ± 16.50	83.76 ± 20.35
Total lean mass	55.80 ± 80.02	49.95 ± 82.35*
Total fat mass	29.69 ± 10.71	31.20 ± 14.04
BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD)	28.5 ± 5.0	26.1 ± 5.7**
25 OH vitamin D (ng/mL) (mean ± SD)	23.8 ± 12.7	23.5 ± 8.0
Normal (≥20 ng/mL)	31 (57.4 %)	62 (65.3 %)
Deficient (<20 ng/mL)	23 (42.6 %)	33 (34.7 %)
BMD (g/cm2) (mean ± SD)
SCI-specific skeletal sites
Distal femur	0.91 ± 0.18	0.64 ± 0.19b,*
Proximal tibia	1.02 ± 0.21	0.63 ± 0.22c,*
Traditional sites
Total hip	0.99 ± 0.19a	0.73 ± 0.20d,*
Femur neck	0.93 ± 0.15a	0.75 ± 0.20d,*
Radius	0.98 ± 0.12	0.98 ± 0.10c
Hip bone density classification, n (%)e
Normal	26 (48.1 %)	12 (12.6 %)*
Osteopenia	19 (35.2 %)	9 (9.5 %)
Osteoporosis/BMD lower than expected for age	8 (14.8 %)	67 (70.5 %)
Hip BMD not available	1 (1.9 %)	7 (7.4 %)
Bisphosphonate use, n (%)	5 (9.3 %)	18 (19.0 %)
Post SCI osteoporotic fracture history, n (%)	9 (16.7 %)	31 (32.6 %)**
Markers of bone turnover (ng/mL) (mean ± SD)
Osteocalcin	19.5 ± 8.1	19.0 ± 7.6b
C-telopeptide	0.31 ± 0.13	0.36 ± 0.22
Adiponectin (ng/mL) (mean ± SD)	5730.9 ± 3355.8	5849.2 ± 3283.2
Leptin (pg/mL) (mean ± SD)	13517.1 ± 13480.0a	13016.6 ± 11796.5b

SCI=spinal cord injury; BMI=body mass index; BMD=bone mineral density.

^an=53.

^bn=94.

^cn=93.

^dn=88.

^eBased upon Z-score or T-score at the total hip or femoral neck.

^*Significantly different from walkers, p<0.0001.

^**Significantly different from walkers, p<0.0001.