Table 3.

Associations between demographic, psychological, health and social variables and loneliness.

	Social loneliness		Emotional loneliness
Variable	r	p	r	p
Age	0.06	0.051	0.13	0.000
Length of residence at current address	−0.02	0.453	−0.06	0.041
(Urban) area of residence	0.00	0.929	0.08	0.006
(Female) gender	−0.05	0.055	0.06	0.033
Widowed	0.09	0.022	0.26	0.000
(Medium to high) education	−0.02	0.583	−0.10	0.000
WHO-5	−0.27	0.000	−0.42	0.000
Self-esteem	−0.23	0.000	−0.32	0.000
Self-rated (poor health)	0.18	0.000	0.28	0.000
GARS	0.20	0.000	0.31	0.000
Income discomfort	0.17	0.000	0.21	0.000
Family categories met weekly	−0.23	0.000	−0.08	0.005
Non-family categories met twice weekly	−0.20	0.000	−0.15	0.000
Activity	−0.23	0.000	−0.31	0.000
Perceived community trust	−0.23	0.000	−0.16	0.000
Perceived community integration	−0.33	0.000	−0.22	0.000
Informal caregiver	0.01	0.616	−0.02	0.494
Informal care receiver	0.07	0.010	0.09	0.001
Receipt of medical care	0.01	0.664	0.04	0.157
Receipt of community care	0.08	0.004	0.11	0.000

Note: WHO-5, World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index; GARS, Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.