Table 2. National estimates and admin2 summaries resulting from the modelling procedures for access to improved drinking-water source, improved sanitation, and open defecation.
| Country | Indicator | MDG-7C Achieveda (Yes/No) | National Coverage | Admin2-Level Statistics | RGI Scorec | ||
| JMP Estimate | Model Estimate (95% BCI) | Range in Predicted Admin2 Coverage | Median Admin2 SDb | ||||
| Central SSA | |||||||
| Angola | Drinking water | No | 53.4% | 44.5% (43.4%–45.7%) | 9.0%–84.7% | 3.2% | ↑ 0.04 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 58.7% | 37.5% (36.7%–38.3%) | 2.4%–92.8% | 2.0% | ↑ 0.18 | |
| Open defecation | — | 25.7% | 44.3% (43.3%–45.2%) | 0.8%–92.8% | 3.4% | ↑ 0.08 | |
| CAR | Drinking water | No | 67.1% | 75.1% (73.8%–76.3%) | 37.6%–98.6% | 2.0% | 0.00 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 33.8% | 58.3% (56.6%–60.0%) | 28.7%–91.8% | 2.7% | ↓−0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 19.9% | 25.2% (23.9%–26.5%) | 1.7%–59.1% | 1.9% | ↓−0.02 | |
| Congo | Drinking water | Yes | 72.4% | 74.6% (73.3%–76.0%) | 21.2%–87.3% | 1.6% | 0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 17.8% | 16.6% (14.9%–18.5%) | 1.4%–22.5% | 1.3% | ↓−0.21 | |
| Open defecation | — | 8.3% | 10.6% (9.6%–11.8%) | 4.4%–40.3% | 1.5% | 0.00 | |
| DR Congo | Drinking water | No | 46.2% | 43.2% (42.4%–44.1%) | 9.0%–93.8% | 1.5% | ↑ 0.07 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 30.7% | 27.6% (26.7%–28.5%) | 7.7%–65.6% | 1.7% | −0.01 | |
| Open defecation | — | 9.0% | 17.3% (16.6%–18.1%) | 2.5%–48.2% | 1.5% | −0.02 | |
| Equatorial Guinea | Drinking water | No | 72.8% (39.9%–96.8%) | 55.6%–85.1% | 18.3% | ↓−0.03 | |
| Improved sanitation | No | 82.0% (34.6%–98.2%) | 63.7%–86.6% | 16.6% | −0.04 | ||
| Open defecation | — | 0.2% (0.0%–1.4%) | 0.1%–0.2% | 0.6% | 0.00 | ||
| Gabon | Drinking water | Yes | 87.9% | 88.2% (87.8%–88.5%) | 30.3%–99.0% | 2.1% | ↑0.05 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 32.9% | 53.7% (53.0%–54.5%) | 3.9%–79.3% | 1.2% | ↑0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 1.2% | 3.0% (2.7%–3.2%) | 0.2%–49.3% | 0.4% | 0.00 | |
| East SSA | |||||||
| Burundi | Drinking water | No | 74.4% | 78.8% (78.2%–79.4%) | 47.9%–95.4% | 1.7% | 0.00 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 50.1% | 40.1% (39.2%–40.9%) | 7.9%–88.1% | 2.2% | −0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 2.6% | 3.1% (2.8%–3.5%) | 0.2%–12.5% | 0.5% | 0.00 | |
| Ethiopia | Drinking water | No | 49.0% | 62.8% (62.2%–63.4%) | 31.5%–99.8% | 1.5% | ↓−0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 20.7% | 18.4% (17.9%–19.0%) | 4.2%–84.0% | 1.1% | ↑ 0.05 | |
| Open defecation | — | 45.0% | 37.9% (37.2%–38.5%) | 3.6%–90.2% | 1.6% | ↓−0.03 | |
| Kenya | Drinking water | No | 60.9% | 71.8% (71.1%–72.6%) | 44.7%–95.3% | 1.8% | −0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 29.4% | 64.5% (63.6%–65.3%) | 23.5%–95.4% | 2.2% | −0.01 | |
| Open defecation | — | 13.7% | 16.0% (15.5%–16.7%) | 0.1%–83.2% | 1.3% | 0.02 | |
| Madagascar | Drinking water | No | 48.1% | 44.9% (44.2%–45.5%) | 16.4%–96.7% | 2.1% | 0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 13.7% | 7.7% (7.4%–7.9%) | 0.7%–44.3% | 0.4% | ↑ 0.12 | |
| Open defecation | — | 39.4% | 43.2% (42.7%–43.8%) | 1.3%–88.8% | 1.6% | ↑ 0.07 | |
| Malawi | Drinking water | Yes | 83.7% | 82.6% (82.2%–82.9%) | 72.8%–96.5% | 0.5% | ↓−0.02 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 52.9% | 21.7% (21.1%–22.2%) | 9.3%–41.8% | 0.8% | ↓−0.17 | |
| Open defecation | — | 6.5% | 10.2% (9.9%–10.5%) | 3.3%–16.7% | 0.5% | ↓−0.03 | |
| Mozambique | Drinking water | No | 47.2% | 49.5% (48.7%–50.1%) | 20.5%–89.7% | 2.7% | −0.02 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 19.1% | 35.8% (34.9%–36.8%) | 5.4%–91.5% | 2.9% | 0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 41.8% | 24.3% (23.7%–24.9%) | 0.5%–55.3% | 1.9% | −0.01 | |
| Rwanda | Drinking water | No | 68.9% | 85.6% (85.1%–86.1%) | 65.3%–95.8% | 1.5% | 0.00 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 61.3% | 85.0% (84.3%–85.7%) | 71.0%–91.3% | 1.4% | −0.02 | |
| Open defecation | — | 2.2% | 1.1% (0.9%–1.3%) | 0.1%–4.3% | 0.3% | 0.00 | |
| Somalia | Drinking water | No | 29.5% | 33.2% (18.5%–45.8%) | 3.2%–59.5% | 4.4% | 0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 23.6% | 56.6% (39.5%–78.9%) | 6.0%–93.0% | 13.5% | ↑ 0.10 | |
| Open defecation | — | 52.5% | 41.1% (32.9%–47.0%) | 7.7%–96.1% | 5.2% | ↑ 0.07 | |
| South Sudan | Drinking water | No | 56.4% | 65.5% (24.6%–95.4%) | 39.9%–84.7% | 23.0% | ↓−0.08 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 8.9% | 27.2% (0.9%–97.6%) | 19.0%–28.3% | 30.4% | ↓−0.30 | |
| Open defecation | — | 77.0% | 61.8% (9.2%–91.7%) | 60.6%–68.1% | 26.6% | ↓−0.28 | |
| Sudan | Drinking water | No | 55.4% | 81.0% (55.7%–91.5%) | 64.7%–96.7% | 13.1% | 0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 23.5% | 23.2% (1.8%–92.4%) | 8.3%–44.9% | 32.8% | ↓−0.13 | |
| Open defecation | — | 46.3% | 34.3% (17.8%–49.2%) | 7.8%–59.5% | 9.7% | ↓−0.04 | |
| UR Tanzania | Drinking water | No | 74.8% | 74.2% (73.8%–74.6%) | 18.2%–97.8% | 1.8% | ↓−0.05 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 35.0% | 50.9% (50.4%–51.4%) | 5.7%–95.1% | 2.2% | ↑ 0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 8.6% | 8.6% (8.4%–8.8%) | 0.1%–88.0% | 0.8% | 0.01 | |
| Uganda | Drinking water | Yes | 53.3% | 48.1% (47.5%–48.7%) | 18.7%–86.9% | 2.2% | ↑ 0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 11.9% | 25.7% (25.2%–26.3%) | 5.3%–92.4% | 1.9% | −0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 12.4% | 13.0% (12.7%–13.4%) | 0.1%–50.5% | 1.2% | 0.01 | |
| Zambia | Drinking water | No | 64.1% | 35.8% (34.6%–37.0%) | 4.7%–90.7% | 1.5% | ↑0.15 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 42.1% | 62.9% (60.2%–65.4%) | 15.6%–92.0% | 3.6% | 0.04 | |
| Open defecation | — | 17.0% | 22.8% (21.6%–24.2%) | 0.6%–72.6% | 2.2% | 0.03 | |
| Southern SSA | |||||||
| Lesotho | Drinking water | No | 77.7% | 76.8% (75.8%–77.8%) | 44.9%–94.0% | 2.9% | −0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 26.3% | 37.7% (36.5%–38.9%) | 12.6%–72.6% | 3.4% | ↓−0.09 | |
| Open defecation | — | 36.8% | 37.4% (36.5%–38.6%) | 2.2%–88.1% | 3.3% | 0.01 | |
| Namibia | Drinking water | Yes | 93.4% | 91.6% (90.8%–92.4%) | 66.6%–99.7% | 1.0% | ↑ 0.04 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 32.3% | 47.5% (46.3%–48.8%) | 3.7%–94.2% | 2.4% | ↑ 0.13 | |
| Open defecation | — | 51.6% | 51.8% (50.4%–53.1%) | 5.5%–94.7% | 2.5% | ↑ 0.09 | |
| South Africa | Drinking water | No | 91.5% | 79.4% (49.8%–95.7%) | 43.1%–96.4% | 11.2% | ↑ 0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 74.0% | 45.9% (18.1%–76.3%) | 24.3%–92.8% | 16.8% | −0.01 | |
| Open defecation | — | 7.0% | 8.6% (1.9%–23.8%) | 1.2%–25.6% | 4.9% | −0.01 | |
| Swaziland | Drinking water | Yes | 72.2% | 80.4% (78.3%–82.3%) | 55.9%–98.6% | 2.5% | 0.00 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 57.0% | 64.9% (61.4%–68.4%) | 43.8%–84.8% | 3.7% | ↓−0.08 | |
| Open defecation | — | 14.7% | 14.1% (12.7%–15.8%) | 0.3%–36.4% | 2.3% | −0.01 | |
| Zimbabwe | Drinking water | No | 80.0% | 72.5% (71.8%–73.1%) | 48.8%–93.9% | 1.7% | 0.00 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 40.2% | 63.7% (63.0%–64.4%) | 21.2%–93.7% | 1.6% | 0.01 | |
| Open defecation | — | 25.6% | 27.9% (27.3%–28.5%) | 1.2%–77.9% | 1.6% | 0.01 | |
| West SSA | |||||||
| Benin | Drinking water | No | 76.0% | 72.9% (71.8%–74.0%) | 33.0%–99.5% | 2.0% | 0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 14.2% | 51.3% (50.0%–52.8%) | 9.4%–95.2% | 2.7% | ↑ 0.05 | |
| Open defecation | — | 54.3% | 55.2% (54.1%–56.4%) | 8.8%–94.2% | 2.3% | ↑ 0.04 | |
| Burkina Faso | Drinking water | Yes | 80.0% | 84.4% (84.0%–84.8%) | 61.4%–94.8% | 1.0% | 0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 18.0% | 39.4% (38.8%–40.0%) | 4.7%–80.2% | 1.4% | 0.01 | |
| Open defecation | — | 57.9% | 59.1% (58.6%–59.6%) | 13.8%–93.6% | 1.2% | 0.02 | |
| Cameroon | Drinking water | No | 74.4% | 70.5% (70.0%–71.0%) | 40.3%–94.8% | 1.3% | 0.00 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 47.8% | 50.7% (50.2%–51.2%) | 19.8%–79.2% | 1.4% | −0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 6.2% | 6.0% (5.7%–6.2%) | 0.4%–26.7% | 0.4% | 0.01 | |
| Chad | Drinking water | No | 50.0% | 37.3% (33.5%–42.4%) | 10.0%–65.4% | 2.8% | ↓−0.09 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 11.7% | 1.6% (1.2%–2.2%) | 0.2%–8.5% | 0.4% | ↑ 0.10 | |
| Open defecation | — | 65.4% | 82.1% (79.5%–84.1%) | 34.6%–97.5% | 1.5% | ↑ 0.07 | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Drinking water | No | 79.9% | 88.3% (87.7%–88.9%) | 73.9%–98.0% | 1.0% | 0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 23.9% | 12.4% (11.8%–13.1%) | 1.3%–35.4% | 0.5% | ↑ 0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 27.1% | 28.6% (27.5%–29.6%) | 6.1%–54.5% | 2.0% | ↓−0.03 | |
| Gambia | Drinking water | Yes | 89.3% | 64.8% (52.1%–75.4%) | 45.0%–94.6% | 2.5% | ↓−0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | Yes | 67.7% | 99.9% (99.8%–99.9%) | 99.0%–100.0% | 0.0% | 0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 2.3% | 1.3% (1.0%–1.7%) | 0.0%–8.2% | 0.5% | 0.00 | |
| Ghana | Drinking water | Yes | 86.3% | 72.0% (71.4%–72.6%) | 53.1%–92.4% | 1.8% | ↓−0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 13.5% | 71.8% (71.3%–72.3%) | 11.6%–94.1% | 1.7% | 0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 18.4% | 19.2% (18.8%–19.5%) | 1.4%–92.3% | 1.1% | ↑ 0.04 | |
| Guinea | Drinking water | No | 73.6% | 42.0% (40.1%–44.0%) | 12.1%–97.8% | 1.9% | ↑ 0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 18.5% | 48.0% (44.8%–51.4%) | 27.1%–86.2% | 3.3% | ↓−0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 19.7% | 20.5% (19.1%–22.0%) | 0.1%–57.5% | 1.4% | 0.01 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Drinking water | Yes | 71.7% | 82.6% (42.2%–96.8%) | 40.4%–91.3% | 20.8% | ↑ 0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 19.0% | 80.4% (28.7%–95.1%) | 26.9%–90.0% | 23.2% | 0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 24.9% | 8.3% (2.5%–21.5%) | 3.6%–47.9% | 12.0% | 0.00 | |
| Liberia | Drinking water | No | 74.4% | 67.3% (66.1%–68.6%) | 28.4%–88.5% | 2.7% | ↓−0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 18.2% | 32.3% (31.2%–33.5%) | 5.8%–62.1% | 1.9% | −0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 44.3% | 46.3% (45.2%–47.5%) | 20.7%–83.9% | 2.7% | ↓−0.05 | |
| Mali | Drinking water | No | 65.4% | 67.9% (67.0%–68.8%) | 46.0%–95.4% | 1.5% | −0.02 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 21.6% | 42.5% (41.4%–43.7%) | 13.2%–93.8% | 1.8% | 0.00 | |
| Open defecation | — | 13.5% | 16.4% (15.8%–17.1%) | 0.1%–61.2% | 0.8% | 0.01 | |
| Mauritania | Drinking water | No | 49.6% | 59.7% (52.4%–67.9%) | 42.0%–87.1% | 4.5% | ↓−0.05 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 26.6% | 31.2% (12.4%–44.6%) | 2.0%–48.4% | 6.8% | 0.01 | |
| Open defecation | — | 50.9% | 39.6% (25.6%–46.5%) | 22.9%–85.9% | 6.9% | ↓−0.03 | |
| Niger | Drinking water | No | 50.3% | 57.7% (55.8%–59.5%) | 39.2%–90.7% | 2.2% | ↓−0.06 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 9.6% | 4.1% (3.7%–4.5%) | 0.4%–30.6% | 0.3% | ↑ 0.13 | |
| Open defecation | — | 78.1% | 80.1% (79.1%–81.0%) | 0.1–99.8% | 1.8% | ↑ 0.06 | |
| Nigeria | Drinking water | No | 61.1% | 59.7% (59.1%–60.2%) | 16.5%–91.4% | 2.7% | −0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 30.6% | 60.7% (60.2%–61.2%) | 10.0%–95.9% | 2.6% | 0.03 | |
| Open defecation | — | 22.7% | 29.2% (28.7%–29.5%) | 0.6%–88.4% | 2.4% | ↑ 0.02 | |
| Senegal | Drinking water | No | 73.4% | 78.6% (78.2%–79.1%) | 28.1%–98.2% | 0.8% | ↑ 0.06 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 51.4% | 57.9% (57.4%–58.4%) | 17.5%–94.7% | 0.9% | ↑ 0.06 | |
| Open defecation | — | 16.8% | 19.2% (18.8%–19.7%) | 0.6%–48.9% | 0.9% | 0.00 | |
| Sierra Leone | Drinking water | No | 57.5% | 61.5% (60.5%–62.5%) | 43.1%–84.5% | 1.0% | ↓−0.03 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 12.9% | 48.2% (47.1%–49.4%) | 31.9%–72.1% | 1.1% | ↓−0.10 | |
| Open defecation | — | 27.1% | 28.7% (27.6%–29.7%) | 11.4%–59.5% | 0.9% | ↓−0.03 | |
| Togo | Drinking water | No | 59.0% | 58.5% (57.4%–59.7%) | 26.1%–79.3% | 1.5% | −0.01 |
| Improved sanitation | No | 11.4% | 37.4% (36.3%–38.4%) | 2.9%–76.7% | 1.0% | ↑ 0.10 | |
| Open defecation | — | 53.7% | 41.2% (40.4%–42.0%) | 7.0%–87.5% | 1.1% | ↑ 0.03 | |
a
MDG 7C is to halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Classification of achievement is based on figures produced by the WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply and Sanitation for 1990 and 2010 [91].
b
Median administrative area standard deviation (SD) is taken from the posterior distribution for standard deviation at the administrative area level generated by the hierarchical model, and reflects the amount of data available for a given country (increased SD reflects greater uncertainty and less data).
c
RGI is a measure of relative inequality in access sub-nationally within a given country given national coverage levels. Negative values indicate a lower than expected inequality, whilst positive values indicate greater than expected inequality; ↓ indicates a score significantly lower than 0 and ↑ indicates a score significantly higher than 0.