Table 2.

Up-regulated expression of LOX in tumor tissues

Cancer type	Results	Function	References
Breast cancer	10-year DMSFa low 10-year OSb low	Activate HIF1-Akt pathway; mediate hypoxic control of metastasis; regulate actin filament formation; contribute to mechanotransduction-mediated regulation of TGF-β signaling; recruit BMDCs to form the pre-metastatic niche	[29, 34, 36]
Colorectal cancer	/	Correlated with absence of lymphovascular invasion; activate PI3K–Akt pathway to up-regulate HIF-1α protein synthesis	[37, 38]
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	5-year OSc low	Strongly associated with increased metastasis, progression and death	[39]
Lung adenocarcinoma	5-year OS low	ECM remodeling; associated with advanced stage and metastasis	[40, 41]
Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma	10-year OS low	Independent prognostic biomarker and predictor of lymph node metastasis	[42]

^a10-year DMSF: 10-year distant metastasis free survival

^b10-year OS low: 10-year overall survival

^c5-year OS low: 5-year overall survival