Figure 2.

A potential model for competition between cortical and subcortical processing, via loops through the basal ganglia. Sensory input can be processed through different channels, with varying degrees of complexity in the processing operations. Subcortical processing through the basal ganglia, using relatively primitive sensorimotor systems, is adept at providing short-latency responses to salient stimuli (Schulz et al., 2009). Cortical processing through the basal ganglia is adept at longer-latency, more complex responses to stimuli. Cortical and subcortical requests for motor control can compete within the basal ganglia, with a “winner takes all” strategy necessary for effective behavioral selection (McHaffie et al., 2005; Redgrave et al., 2011). Diagram adapted with permission from P. Redgrave.