Effects of real rTMS on S1 processing. (A) Activation map showing temporally stable increases in activation (blue) and transient decreases in activation (yellow) in bilateral FG after real compared to sham rTMS (p < 0.01, uncorrected). (B) Temporarily stable increases in activation in bilateral FG (blue portion in (A), MNI coordinates x, y, z; left: −33, −46, −23; right: 33, −43, −23) to both visual S1 (Vx) and haptic S1 (Hx) after real (red) relative to sham rTMS (green). (C) Transient rTMS-induced decreases in activation during haptic S1 encoding. Regional activity in bilateral LO, FG, and pSTS/MTG showed an interaction of exponential time-dependent effects by rTMS condition when haptic S1 were processed: Whereas regional activity was initially decreased and exponentially increased over time after real rTMS (red), the reversed pattern was found after sham rTMS (green). Similar but weaker effects were found for visual S1 processing (p < 0.05, uncorrected). Each time bin represents ~4 min and 7–10 trials. FG, fusiform gyrus [yellow portion in (A), left: −36, −46, −20; right: 36, −43, −20]; LO, lateral occipital cortex (left, i.e., rTMS target area: −42, −67, −11; right: 45, −73, −5); pSTS/MTG, posterior superior temporal sulcus /middle temporal gyrus (left: −66, −40, 1; right: 54, −40, −8). L, left; R, right. *p < 0.05, small volume corrected, (*)p = 0.052, small volume corrected, #p < 0.05, whole brain corrected.