Table 4.

Effects of Amount of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Adolescent Self-Reported Externalizing Behavior at 15 Years

	Model 1			Model 2
	b (se)	β	p	b (se)	β	p
Prenatal cocaine exposure1	1.02 (.43)	.15	.02	.90 (.42)	.14	.03
Child sex, male	−1.96 (1.07)	− .10	.07	−2.21 (1.05)	− .11	.04
Birth maternal age	− .21 (.10)	− .12	.04	− .17 (.10)	− .10	.09
Biologic mother’s GSI at birth	4.57 (1.65)	.16	.005	3.63 (1.64)	.13	.03
Prenatal alcohol exposure2	− .16 (.53)	− .02	.76	− .22 (.52)	− .03	.67
HOME score	− .27 (.09)	− .17	.001	− .29 (.08)	− .19	< .001
Parental attachment	− .49 (.90)	− .03	.59	− .33 (.88)	− .02	.71
Parental monitoring	− .82 (.95)	− .05	.39	− .70 (.93)	− .04	.45
Violence exposure	2.03 (.51)	.23	< .001	1.72 (.51)	.20	< .001
Externalizing behavior at age 103				.15 (.04)	.19	< .001
R2	.18			.21

Note. Variables that were tested but not included in the final model because they were not significant at p<.10 or didn’t cause substantial (>10%) change in the PCE coefficients are: birth mother education, parity, number of prenatal visits, maternal/caregiver vocabulary ability (PPVT-R), non-verbal reasoning (WAIS-R), adolescent age and race, prenatal tobacco and marijuana exposure, and blood lead level.

¹Cocaine units per week,

²Average alcohol dose per week,

³Caregiver report (CBCL)