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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2013 Dec 7;89:331–344. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.054

Figure 1. The multiple formats of letter representation.

Figure 1

Visual-Spatial letter representations are case-specific representations that are invariant across different fonts. Letter-Name representations correspond to the names of letters, while Motoric representations correspond to the basic motor sequences required to produce letter shapes. Abstract Letter Identities (ALIs) are amodal, abstract representations that lack visual form (they are font and case invariant), phonological content, or motor features. ALIs mediate translation between modality-specific formats. Word reading is based on ALIs that are accessed in response to processing specific visual letter shapes and are then used to search memory for the stored orthographic representations of familiar word forms.