Table 2. Estimates of the association between prediabetic conditions and bleeding on probing.
| (a) Using logistic regression models (Outcome: BOP < median vs BOP ≥ median) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Independent variable (separate models) | Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI)† |
| Fasting glucose (10 mg/dL)‡ | 1.4 (0.8 –2.3) | 1.5 (0.9 –2.6) |
| 1‐h Glucose (10 mg/dL)§ | 1.1 (1.0 –1.3) | 1.1 (1.0 –1.3)* |
| 2‐h Glucose (10 mg/dL)¶ | 1.1 (0.9 –1.3) | 1.2 (0.8 –1.4) |
| IFG (yes/no) | 4.0 (1.0 –16.4) | 5.5 (1.2 –25.3)* |
| IGT (1‐h) | 3.3 (1.3 –8.8) | 3.7 (1.3 –10.6)* |
| IGT (2‐h) | 1.2 (0.2 –5.7) | 1.3 (0.2 –7.3) |
| Fasting insulin | 1.0 (1.0 – 1.2) | 1.0 (1.0 –1.1) |
| HOMA | 1.1 (0.9 –1.4) | 1.2 (0.9 –1.5) |
| Prediabetes (yes/no) | 2.1 (0.8 – 8.3) | 3.6 (1.0 –13.2)* |
| (b) Using ancova (multiple linear regression or generalized linear model) (Outcome: Percentage of bleeding: continuous form) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Independent variable (separate models) | Age adjusted least squares means ± SE | Least squares means ± SE† |
| Normal (No IFG) | 27.0 ± 2.4 | 26.8 ± 2.3* |
| IFG | 43.2 ± 5.9 | 43.8 ± 6.0 |
| Normal GT (1‐h) | 27.2 ± 2.7 | 27.0 ± 2.7 |
| IGT (1‐h) | 33.9 ± 4.0 | 34.1 ± 4.1 |
| Normal GT (2‐h) | 29.4 ± 2.3 | 29.1 ± 2.3 |
| IGT (2‐h) | 26.8 ± 8.3 | 29.8 ± 8.3 |
| Normal insulin: (<14) | 29.5 ± 3.3 | 28.2 ± 3.5 |
| High insulin: (≥14) | 29.0 ± 3.1 | 30.1 ± 3.3 |
| Normal HOMA (<3) | 30.9 ± 3.3 | 30.1 ± 3.4 |
| High HOMA (≥3) | 27.8 ± 3.1 | 28.4 ± 3.2 |
| Normal (no IFG, no IGT 2‐h) | 27.4 ± 2.5 | 27.0 ± 2.4* |
| Prediabetics | 37.7 ± 5.2 | 39.0 ± 5.3 |
*P‐value ≤ 0.05. †Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol consumption (current vs never or former), waist circumference (in category), and number of missing teeth. ‡Fasting glucose. §1‐h glucose. ¶2‐h glucose in 10 mg/dL increments. ancova, analysis of covariance; BOP, bleeding on probing; CI, confidence interval; GT, glucose tolerance; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.