No significant loss of neurons in the brains of GFAP–tTA/TRE–TDP-43M337V transgenic rats. (A–C) Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of mutant human TDP-43 (hTDP43) in the cortex of GFAP–tTA/TRE–TDP-43M337V double transgenic rats (M337V: A and B) but not that of GFAP–tTA single transgenic rats (C). (D–O) Double-labelling fluorescence staining revealed colocalization of hTDP43 with the astrocyte marker GFAP (J–O) but not the neuronal marker NeuN (D–I). Rats were deprived of Dox at 40 days of age, and transgene expression was examined at 50 days of age. (P, Q) FD Silver staining detected scattered degenerating neurons in M337V rats at 70 days of age (Q) but not in age-matched GFAP–tTA rats (P). (R–U) Cresyl violet staining showed cortical (R, S) and hippocampal (T, U) neurons in M337V rats with paralysis. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, D–F, and J–L), 30 μm (B, C, G–I, and M–O), 20 μm (P, Q). (V) Stereological cell counting revealed no significant loss of cortical neurons in M337V rats during paralysis stages (n=4).