Table 2.

Examples of Macroergonomic Issues for the Healthcare Quality Aims

IOM Quality Aims	Examples of Macroergonomic Issues
Safety	Role of information flow between multiple clinicians and healthcare organizations in medication safety.
Effectiveness	Design and implementation of clinical decision support for recommended care.
Patient-centered care *	Designing improved patient experiences and clinician workflows that facilitate patient participation.
Timeliness	Impact of patient volume on time pressure and delays in care.
Efficiency	Impact of supply chain management on nursing work.
Equity	Design of personal health records for diverse patient populations.

^*For further discussion of macroergonomics of patient-centered care, see section 3.2.